Acacia mangium

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Fabales

Familia: Fabaceae
Subfamilia: Caesalpinioideae
Tribus: Acacieae
Genus: Acacia
Species: Acacia mangium
Name

Acacia mangium Willd., 1806
Synonyms

Racosperma mangium (Willd.) Pedley

Distribution
Native distribution areas:
Acacia mangium

Continental: Asia-Tropical
Regional: Papuasia
Maluku, New Guinea
Continental: Australasia
Regional: Australia
Queensland
Introduced into:
Bangladesh, Borneo, Cameroon, Cook Is., Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Hawaii, India, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Nicaragua, Northern Territory, Philippines, Tokelau-Manihiki, Trinidad-Tobago, Vietnam

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Willdenow, C.L. 1806. Species Plantarum. Editio quarta. Tomus 4. Pars 2. Pp. 634–1157. Impensis G. C. Nauk, Berolini [Berlin]. BHL Biblioteca Digital Reference page. : 4(2):1053.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Acacia mangium in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Aug 07. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Acacia mangium. Published online. Accessed: Aug 07 2019.
Tropicos.org 2019. Acacia mangium. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Aug 07.
Hassler, M. Aug. Acacia mangium. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. Aug. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: Aug 07 {{{3}}}. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Acacia mangium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 09-Oct-10.

Vernacular names
English: Black Wattle, Hickory Wattle, Mangium

Acacia mangium is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae, that is native to northeastern Queensland in Australia, the Western Province of Papua New Guinea, Papua, and the eastern Maluku Islands.[3] Common names include black wattle, hickory wattle, mangium, and forest mangrove. Its uses include environmental management and wood.[2]

It was first described in 1806 by Carl Ludwig Willdenow, who described it as living in the Moluccas.[4][5]

Cultivation

Acacia mangium grows up to 30 metres (98 ft), often with a straight trunk. A. mangium has about 142,000 seeds/kg.[6] To break down dormancy mature seed requires pre-germination treatments such as mechanical scarification (scratching the surface) or boiling water. This treatment leads to a fast germination and typically exceeds 75%.[7] Like many other legumes, it is able to fix nitrogen in the soil.[8] A. mangium is a popular species for forest plantation and used more and more also for agroforestry projects. In mixed cultures, plants can profit of the shadow from A. mangium and the nitrogen fixation[9] A. mangium will tolerate low fertility soils with impeded drainage, but prefers fertile sites with good drainage. Soil depth and topographic position can influence yields. With respect to distance from the equator, there are significant differences in performance under cultivation. A mean annual height increase of about 3 to 4 m is usual near the equator. In areas further from the equator growth is slower.[7]
Uses
Timber

Acacia mangium trees produce sapwood and heartwood. The heartwood's colour is brownish yellow shimmery and medium textured. Because the timber is extremely heavy, hard, very strong, tough, and not liable to warp and crack badly it is used for furniture, doors and window frames. The glossy and smooth surface finish after polishing leads also to a potential for making export-oriented parquet flooring tiles and artifacts.[10]
Pulp and paper
See also: pulp and paper industry

A. mangium has been recognized as an excellent source of short cellulose fibers for papermaking. It is grown in plantations in Southeast Asia, particularly, Indonesia.[11]
Soil management and ecological restoration

Because Acacia mangium trees increase the turnover rate of nitrogen in the topsoil, it can improve the nitrogen availability in soils in mixed cultures.[12] Due to the fact that it is a very fast growing tree it develops an intensive rooting system, particularly in low fertility soils.[13] This helps to recover degraded tropical lands[12] The tree is widely used in Goa, India in the mining industry for rehabilitation of waste dumps as it is a drought-resistant species and binds sterile mine waste consisting of lateritic strata.[6] In Colombia, it has been used for restoring wasteland created by open-pit gold mining.[14]
Chemistry

The gum contains 5.4% ash, 0.98% N, 1.49% methoxyl, and by calculation, 32.2% uronic acid.[15] The sugar composition after hydrolysis: 9.0% 4-0-methylglucuronic acid, 23.2% glucuronic acid, 56% galactose, 10% arabinose, and 2% rhamnose.

References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acacia mangium.
Wikispecies has information related to Acacia mangium.

Arnold, R.; Thomson, L. (2019). "Acacia mangium". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T18435820A18435824. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T18435820A18435824.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
"Acacia mangium – ILDIS LegumeWeb". ildis.org. Archived from the original on 6 April 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
Francis, John K. (1 January 2003). "Acacia mangium Willd". Tropical Tree Seed Manual. Reforestation, Nurseries & Genetics Resources. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2009.
"Acacia mamgium". Australian Plant Name Index, IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
Willdenow, C.L. (1806). "Acacia Mangium". Species Plantarum Edn. 4. 4 (2): 1053.
"Growing Process of Tropical Trees-(Compiled version)". ftbc.job.affrc.go.jp. Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
"Discover Life/ Royal Botanical Gardens". Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
"Acacia mangium". hort.purdue.edu. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
Jeyanny, V.; Lee, SS; Rasidah, K Wan (2011). "Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation and fertilisation on the growth of Acacia mangium seedlings". Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 23 (4): 404–409.
Sharma, S. K.; Kumar, P.; Rao, R. V.; Sujatha, M.; Shukla, S. R. (2011). "Rational utilization of plantation grown Acacia mangium Willd". Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science. 8 (2): 97–99. doi:10.1007/s13196-012-0035-x. S2CID 37543199.
"Short Review: The Chemistry and Pulping of Acacia" (PDF).
^Voigtlaender M. et al. (2012). Introducing Acacia mangium trees in Eucalyptus grandis plantations: consequences for soil organic matter stocks and nitrogen mineralization. Plant and Soil 352(1–2):99–111 doi:10.1038/511155d
Kadir W.R, Kadir A.A., Van Cleemput O., Zaharah Abdul Rahman. 1996. Field grown Acacia mangium: How intensive is root growth? Journal of Tropical Forest Science 10(3): 283–291 (1998)
Thomas, Evert (2014). "Gold rush: Forest devastated by mining is reborn". Nature. 511 (7508): 155. Bibcode:2014Natur.511..155T. doi:10.1038/511155d. PMID 25008512.
Anderson, D.M.W. (1978). "Chemotaxonomic aspects of the chemistry of acacia gum exudates". Kew Bull. 32 (3): 529–536. doi:10.2307/4109654. JSTOR 4109654.