Marpesia berania

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Amphiesmenoptera
Ordo: Lepidoptera
Subordo: Glossata
Cladus: Coelolepida
Cladus: Myoglossata
Cladus: Neolepidoptera
Infraordo: Heteroneura
Cladus: Eulepidoptera
Cladus: Ditrysia
Cladus: Apoditrysia
Cladus: Obtectomera
Superfamilia: Papilionoidea

Familia: Nymphalidae
Subfamilia: Cyrestinae
Tribus: Cyrestini
Genus: Marpesia
Species: Marpesia berania

Marpesia berania, the amber daggerwing, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. The species was first described by William Chapman Hewitson in 1852. They are a brightly colored, Neotropical butterfly with a unique wing shape, found in Central and northern South America. The amber daggerwing exhibits several interesting characteristics varying from their unusual behavior to their physical traits that make them so distinct.

Etymology

The genus name Marpesia is derived from Marpess, the wife of Idas, a mortal who decided to go against Apollo when he carried off Marpessa /ˌmɑːrˈpɛsə/ (Ancient Greek: Μάρπησσα).[1] The derivation of berania is not known.
Distribution

The distribution range for Marpesia berania is largely in the Neotropical realm, branching out to Central America and northern South America. Countries inhabited by this species include Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Bolivia.[2] These butterflies are considered to be a commonly found species in Honduras and in Peru. M. berania is found in the tropical rainforests and lowlands of these regions.[3] They are considered to be closely allied or related to the Cyrestis (mapwing butterflies) and Chersonesia (maplet butterflies).[4]
Occurrences

M. berania is seen most in January, February, and March.[5] In 2020, 3-8 individuals were spotted each of these three months, with the most individuals (8) occurring in March. In contrast, the butterflies appeared absent from April to October 2020, with only one individual spotted in May, August, and October.[5]
Life cycle
Eggs

Marpesia butterflies lay individual eggs on the leaves of trees and shrubs in the family Moraceae, which include shrubs of the genus Ficus and Brosimum alicastrum. The eggs are white or yellowish.[4]
Larva

Development to the larval stage can be variant in Marpesia species, especially in M. berania. If the following season post-egg laying is rainy or has subsequent heavy rains, this can influence the growth rate and development of the butterfly. Heavy rain is known to kill early larvae, which are highly susceptible to drowning and molding.[6][7] If the M. berania larvae survives the harsh conditions, they grow to full size within 6-8 days, developing a colorful pattern marked with a yellow body with blue-green stripes running longitudinally from head to tail.[4] The head of the larvae has two prong-like antennas that protrude vertically from the head, giving it the appearance of horns. The larvae feed during the day and then spend their nights resting on the tops of leaves.[4] Pupae are pale, with dark spots or blotches.[4]
Adult

The longevity of M. berania is exceptional compared to other tropical butterflies. It was found that 9.0% of 43.9 surviving marked butterflies were found living after 157 days.[2] This is in comparison to two species of Heliconius, Heliconius erato and Heliconius erato hydrara. H. erato was found to live an average 3.5 months when curated in insectaries,[8] and 100 days for H. erato hydrara when observed in the natural population in Trinidad.[9]
Habitat

M. berania is found in tropical rain forests and along waterways and roads in the lowlands of Central America.[2] They can be found most commonly at elevations below 1000 meters, but have been found in locations up to 1800 meters above sea level.[4] Typically, M. berania is seen during the wet seasons of Central and South America, from early March to mid-August.[2][4] As elaborated on in the Life ecology section, the amber daggerwing roosts in clumps of leaves found on small trees.[3] The trees they make their homes in can usually be found on riverbanks, in clearings, and other semi-open areas.[4]

Marpesia berania is highly impacted by habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation from anthropogenic causes. Since the rainforest is one of their habitats, this species is affected by deforestation in the region.[3]
Life ecology
Group behavior

Marpesia berania exhibit a behavior called communal or group roosting.[2] These butterflies have been recorded to have a typical nocturnal roosting site on the underside of the leaves of rubiaceous trees or other small trees. Group roosts can include up to 60 individuals, and have equal numbers of male and female individuals. Interestingly, while roosts are nocturnal, female M. berania return earlier in the day than their male counterparts.[2] This behavior puts them in the middle of the roosting site, progressively surrounded by males upon their return.

M. berania is one of the few butterfly species that sleep together in groups on leaves. This is for protection and to escape any potential dangers as a group. If one butterfly has been disturbed, it will respond by opening its wings, touching its neighbors' wings, creating a domino effect to alert others of the potential danger.[10] Another behavior that is noted is when the temperatures are too high, they will reposition in a way to minimize the surface area of exposure to the sun.
Adult behavior and reproduction

Marpesia berania males engage in mud-puddling and are observed singly or in small groups of up to six at riverbanks or puddles, consuming moisture. The females rarely leave the forest.[4] A common behavior observed only at high temperatures for both males and females is that they will erect their wings when feeding or are at rest on foliage, but M. berania typically bask in the sun or in open space with their wings outspread.[1][2]

Both sexes have been shown to have equal life expectancy and reproduction so that next generations can be alleviated or remain unaffected by abiotic factors via recruitment.[2] As both sexes have equal life expectancy, the adult sex ratio of M. berania is 1:1. J. Merritt Emlen speculates that selection would reduce the butterflies' ability to reproduce with age.[11] Successful reproduction and low young age mortality can result in greater longevity and more energy resourced towards increasing immediate reproductive output.[12]
Mortality

Oviposited or larval mortality is not sourced at this time. Adult mortality is speculated to be caused by bird predation, considering the broad area covered by roosting groups.[2] Since M. berania is known to have a high longevity, any senescence effect on mortality is not supported as both sexes have been studied to live out equally long life spans. They are also strong and evasive flyers, which may contribute to their ability to escape potential predation or attacks.
Morphology
Male Marpesia berania, in Rio Pindayo, Peru

Marpesia berania can be identified primarily by its wings. These butterflies are sexually dimorphic, meaning that males and females look different from each other. This difference is easiest to detect by looking at the surface of the butterfly's wings, as both sexes have a pearly underside color. Male M. berania butterflies are bright orange with vertical dark brown striping on the surface of their wings, while, female M. berania are less vibrant, appearing more of a brownish orange.[2] Both sexes have a telltale drastic point at the bottom ends of their wings, lending to their designation as a daggerwing butterfly. The same point is also seen in other Marpesia species.

M. berania have similar wing shapes to swallowtails, mimicking the sharp wing structure present in both. The difference between the two species is that M. berania has four functional legs rather than six. Unlike most other butterflies, the front two legs of this species are curved inwards towards the body, which is a characteristic found in the family Nymphalidae. Another distinguishing feature is that the antennae on Marpesia species are straight instead of curved at the end like most Papilionoidea butterflies.[4]
Taxonomy

Two subspecies are also recognized:[13]

Marpesia berania berania (Hewitson, 1852) - found in Brazil and Ecuador
Marpesia berania fruhstorferi (Seitz, 1914) - found from the Honduras to Panama

See also

List of Lepidoptera of Honduras
List of Marpesia (butterflies)

References

Zirlin, Harry. "Taxonomists Just Wanna Have Fun: Purplewings, Bluewings, Daggerwings and Crackers". North American Butterfly Association. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
Benson, Woodruff W. & Emmel, Thomas C. (March 1973). "Demography of Gregariously Roosting Populations of the Nymphaline Butterfly Marpesia berania in Costa Rica". Ecology. 54 (2): 326–335. doi:10.2307/1934340. JSTOR 1934340.
Marchant, Nicholas C.; Purwanto, Ari; Harsanto, Fransiskus A.; Boyd, Nicholas S.; Harrison, Mark E. & Houlihan, Peter R. (December 2015). "'Random-flight' dispersal in tropical fruit-feeding butterflies? High mobility, long lifespans and no home ranges: Dispersal in tropical fruit-feeding butterflies". Ecological Entomology. 40 (6): 696–706. doi:10.1111/een.12239. S2CID 83384668.
"Amber Daggerwing". Butterflies of the Amazon and Andes. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
"Search". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
Harcourt, D. G. (1963). "Major Mortality Factors in the Population Dynamics of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)". Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada. 95 (S32): 55–66. doi:10.4039/entm9532055-1. ISSN 0071-075X.
Waber, N. (1993), "The supergene thorium and rare-earth element deposit at Morro do Ferro, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil", The Poços De Caldas Project: Natural Analogues of Processes in a Radioactive Waste Repository, Elsevier, pp. 113–157, doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-89934-7.50007-4, ISBN 978-0-444-89934-7, retrieved November 7, 2020
Crane, J. 1957. Imaginal behavior in butterflies of the family Heliconiidae: Changing social patterns and ir- relevant actions. Zoologica 42: 135-146.
Turner, John R. G. (June 1971). "Experiments on the Demography of Tropical Butterflies. II. Longevity and Home-Range Behaviour in Heliconius erato". Biotropica. 3 (1): 21–31. doi:10.2307/2989703. ISSN 0006-3606. JSTOR 2989703.
"Where Do Butterflies Sleep?". Dave's Garden. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
Emlen, J. Merritt (July 1970). "Age Specificity and Ecological Theory". Ecology. 51 (4): 588–601. doi:10.2307/1934039. ISSN 0012-9658. JSTOR 1934039.
Labine, Patricia A. (December 1968). "The Population Biology of the Butterfly, Euphydryas editha. VIII. Oviposition and Its Relation to Patterns of Oviposition in Other Butterflies". Evolution. 22 (4): 799–805. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1968.tb03478.x. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 28562858.
"Genus Marpesia". Butterflies of America. Retrieved November 8, 2020.