Redonda

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Amphiesmenoptera
Ordo: Lepidoptera
Subordo: Glossata
Cladus: Coelolepida
Cladus: Myoglossata
Cladus: Neolepidoptera
Infraordo: Heteroneura
Cladus: Eulepidoptera
Cladus: Ditrysia
Cladus: Apoditrysia
Cladus: Obtectomera
Superfamilia: Papilionoidea

Familia: Nymphalidae
Subfamilia: Satyrinae
Tribus: Satyrini
Subtribus: Pronophilina
Genus: Redonda
Species: R. bolivari – R. bordoni – R. castellana – R. centenaria – R. chiquinquirana – R. empetrus – R. frailejona – R. lathraia – R. leukasmena – R. lossadana
Name

Redonda Adams & Bernard, 1981

Type species: Pedaliodes empetrus Thieme, 1905
References

Adams, M.J. & Bernard, G.I., 1981: Pronophiline butterflies (Satyridae) of the Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuela. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 71 (4): 343–372. Abstract: DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01135.x
Lamas, G., 2004, Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera;Checklist:Part 4A; Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea.
Pyrcz, T.W., 2004: Pronophiline butterflies of the highlands of Chachapoyas in northern Peru: faunal survey, diversity and distribution patterns (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Genus: 15 (4): 455–622 Full article: [1]
Viloria, A.L., T.W. Pyrcz, J.R. Ferrer-Paris, G.W. Beccaloni, K. Sattler & D.C. Lees, 2003, A brachypterous butterfly? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 270 ($1–$2):21-24.
Viloria, A.L., Ferrer-Paris, J.R., Camacho, J., & Costa, M. 2015. New satyrine butterflies from the Venezuelan Andes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Anartia 25: 95-160 DOI:10.5281/zenodo.18332 Reference page.

Redonda is a butterfly genus from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. The genus was erected by Michael Jan Adams and George Igor Bernard in 1981. It is endemic to the Cordillera de Merida páramo in Mérida, Venezuela. There are 10 known species, which are separated in distinct mountain ranges.[1] Most species show some degree of sexual dimorphism in wing size, in the most extreme cases females show some degree of wing deformation which might point to incipient brachyptery.[2]

Taxonomy and nomenclature

The genus was described by Adams and Bernard in 1981 based on wing venation, male genitalia, wing color pattern and ecological characteristics of the type species Pedaliodes empetrus originally described by German entomologist Theodor Otto Thieme in 1905.[3] These authors considered the genus to be monobasic, but recognized two subspecies, and suggested a close relationship with two other endemic genera in isolated mountain ranges.[4][5]

Another species was described 20 years later, Redonda bordoni, from the southwest corner of the Cordillera de Mérida in Táchira.[2] Other taxa were already recognized, but there were evident gaps in distribution and ecological data and no formal description was attempted until 2015.[1][6][7] There are 10 currently recognized and described species:

Redonda bolivari Adams & Bernard, 1981
Redonda bordoni Viloria & Pyrcz, 2003
Redonda castellana Viloria & Camacho, 2015
Redonda centenaria Viloria & Camacho, 2015
Redonda chiquinquirana Ferrer-Paris, 2015
Redonda empetrus (Thieme, 1905)
Redonda frailejona Ferrer-Paris & Costa, 2015
Redonda lathraia Viloria & Camacho, 2015
Redonda leukasmena Viloria & Camacho, 2015
Redonda lossadana Ferrer-Paris, 2015

Systematics and biogeography

The high species diversity of the subtribe Pronophilina has inspired multiple theories about speciation and diversification processes. Páramo-dwellers might represent ancient or relictual taxa from open low-land biomes that were isolated by the up-lifting of the Andes, or they might be the result of recent radiation due to specialization and isolation.[8][9][10]

Preliminary analysis suggest that the genus is monophyletic, and the speciation sequence seems to correspond to the sequence of up-lifting and separation of the páramo biome in recent geological times.[7][11]
Conservation

R. bordoni is listed as endangered in Venezuela's Red Book of Fauna.
References

Viloria, A. L. "Mariposa braquíptera de Bordón", in Libro Rojo de la Fauna Venezolana (third edition), Jon Paul Rodríguez y Franklin Rojas-Suarez (editors). Provita y Shell de Venezuela, S.A. Caracas 2008. ISBN 978-980-6774-01-8

Viloria, Ángel L.; Ferrer-Paris, José R.; Camacho, Jesús; Costa, Mauro (2013) [2015]. "New satyrine butterflies from the Venezuelan Andes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)" (PDF). Anartia. 25: 95–160. doi:10.5281/zenodo.18332.
Viloria, A. L.; Pyrcz, T. W.; Ferrer-Paris, J. R.; Beccaloni, G.; Sattler, K.; Lees, D. C. (2003). "A brachypterous butterfly?". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 270 (S1): 21–24. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0015. PMC 1698010. PMID 12952626.
Adams, M. J.; Bernard, G. I. (1981). "Pronophiline butterflies (Satyridae) of the Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuela". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 71: 343–372. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01135.x.
Adams, M. J. (1977). "Trapped in a Colombian Sierra". Geographical Magazine. 49: 250–254.
Adams, M. J.; Bernard, G. I. (1979). "Pronophiline butterflies (Satyridae) of the Serranía de Valledupar, Colombia-Venezuela border". Systematic Entomology. 4: 95–118. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1979.tb00627.x.
Ferrer-Paris, J. R. (2000). "The genus Redonda (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae): a model to study adaptation and distribution in the páramos of Venezuela". [Der Genus: Redonda (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae): Fallstudie über Anpassung und Verbreitung in den Páramos von Venezuela]. Bayreuth: Universität Bayreuth,[ii] + xiii + 111 pp. [Dipl. Biol. thesis].
Pyrcz, T. W. (2010). "Evolution of butterflies of the genus Redonda (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), and their adaptation to the high Andean environment". Pp. 265–273. In: Mirek, Z.; Flakus, A.; Krzanowska, A.; Paulo, A. & Wojtusiak, J. (eds.): The Nature and Culture of Latin America. Review of Polish Studies. Kraków: Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences.
Adams, Michael J. (1985). "Speciation in the pronophiline butterflies (Satyridae) of the northern Andes". Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. Supl. 1: 33–49.
Viloria, A. L. (1999). Studies on the Systematics and Biogeography of Some Montane Satyrid Butterflies (Lepidoptera). Imperial College, London. PhD Thesis.
Viloria, A. L. (2003). "Historical biogeography and the origins of the satyrine butterflies of the tropical Andes (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera)". In: Llorente J. Morrone, J.J. (Eds.) Una perspectiva latinoamericana de la biogeografía Universidad Autónoma de México, México.
Ferrer-Paris, José R.; Vitoria [sic], Ángel L. (2004). "Mariposas Altiandinas (Lepidóptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) y la Conservación de los Páramos en Venezuela". In: C.A. Jaramillo, C. Castaño Uribe, F. Arjona Hincapié, J.V. Rodríguez & C.L. Durán (eds.) Congreso Mundial de Páramos, Memorias Tomo I. Bogotá: Conservación Internacional Colombia: 626–633.