Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Batrachomorpha
Classis: Amphibia
Subclassis: Lissamphibia
Superordo: Batrachia
Cladus: Salientia
Ordo: Anura
Familia: Hyperoliidae
Subfamiliae (3): Acanthixalinae – Hyperoliinae – Kassininae
Genera incertae sedis (3): Arlequinus – Callixalus – Chrysobatrachus
Genera: Acanthixalus - Afrixalus - Alexteroon - - Chlorolius - - Cryptothylax - Heterixalus - Hyperolius - Kassina - Kassinula - Morerella - Opisthothylax - Paracassina - Phlyctimantis - Semnodactylus - Tachycnemis
Name
Hyperoliidae Laurent, 1943
Type genus: Hyperolius Rapp, 1842.
Synonymy
Hyperoliinae Laurent, 1943: 16
Hyperoliidae — Laurent, 1951
Hyperoliini — Laurent, 1972
Kassininae — Dubois, 1981
Kassinini — Dubois, 1987
Tachycneminae Channing, 1989
References
Primary references
Laurent, R.F. 1943. Contribution a l’osteologie et a la systematique des rhacophorides non Africains. Bulletin du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique 19: 1–16.
Additional references
Frost, D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R.H., Haas, A., Haddad, C.F.B., de Sá, R.O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Campbell, J.A., Blotto, B.L., Moler, P.E., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A., Lynch, J.D., Green, D.M. & Wheeler, W.C. 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–370. DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2 Paywall; hdl: 2246/5781 Open access. Reference page.
Blackburn, D.C. & Wake, D.B. 2011. Class Amphibia Gray, 1825. Pp 39–55 In Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) 2011. Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 1–237. Open access. Reference page. Reference page.
Pyron, R.A. & Wiens, J.J. 2011. A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2,800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61(2): 543–583. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012 Paywall Reference page.
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Riedfrösche
English: African Reed Frogs
magyar: Mászóbékafélék
日本語: クサガエル科
Nederlands: Rietkikkers
slovenčina: Trstinovite
svenska: Grasgrodor
The Hyperoliidae, or sedge frogs and bush frogs, are a large family of small to medium-sized, brightly colored frogs which contain more than 250 species in 19 genera. Seventeen genera are native to sub-Saharan Africa.[1] In addition, the monotypic genus Tachycnemis occurs on the Seychelles Islands, and the genus Heterixalus (currently 10 species) is endemic to Madagascar.
Hyperoliids range from 1.5 to 8 cm (0.59 to 3.15 in) in body length. Many species have smooth, brightly patterned skin that almost looks enameled.[2]
Most hyperoliids are arboreal, but some are terrestrial, including several Kassina species that move by walking or running rather than hopping. Diets vary widely, with examples including Paracassina, which specializes in snails,[3] and Afrixalus fornasini, the only terrestrial frog known to prey on eggs of other species of anurans.
Breeding in this family begins at the start of the rainy season, when hyperoliids congregate at breeding sites. Most hyperoliids lay their eggs in water, although foam nesting, tree-hole breeding, and laying eggs in vegetation above water are all known behaviors.[2] Afrixalus builds leaf nests for its eggs, by folding and gluing the edges of the leaves. Tadpoles are pond type larvae with large dorsal fins on their tails.
No fossil hyperoliids are known.
Classification
As of mid-2022, there are 17 genera with 224 species, more than half of them in the very species-rich Hyperolius:[4] The genera are divided between three subfamilies, with three genera unplaced.
Subfamily Acanthixalinae Dubois, Ohler & Pyron, 2021 (2 species)
Acanthixalus - African wart frogs (2 species)
Subfamily Hyperoliinae Laurent, 1943 (196 species)
Afrixalus - banana frogs (35 species)
Congolius - Congo frog (1 species)
Cryptothylax - wax frogs (2 species)
Heterixalus - Madagascan reed frogs (11 species)
Hyperolius - African reed frogs (143 species)
Kassinula - clicking frog (1 species)
Morerella - blue-eyed frog (1 species)
Opisthothylax - grey-eyed frog (1 species)
Tachycnemis - Seychelles Islands frog (1 species)
Subfamily Kassininae Laurent, 1972 (23 sp.)
Hylambates - African striped frogs (5 species; formerly Phlyctimantis)
Kassina - running frogs (15 species)
Paracassina - common striped frogs (2 species)
Semnodactylus - Weal's frog (1 species)
Subfamily incertae sedis
Arlequinus - Mebebque frog (1 species)
Callixalus - African painted frog (1 species)
Chrysobatrachus - Itombwe golden frog (1 species)
References
Schiotz, A. (1999). Treefrogs of Africa. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt. ISBN 3-930612-24-0.
Zweifel, Robert G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 100–101. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
Duellman, William E.; Trueb, Linda (1994). Biology of Amphibians. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-8018-4780-6.
Frost, Darrel R. "Hyperoliidae". Amphibian Species of the World, an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
Further reading
Burton, R.; Burton, M. (2002). "Reed frogs" (PDF). Marshall Cavendish International Wildlife Encyclopedia. Vol. 15 (3rd ed.). Marshall Cavendish. pp. 2146–2147. ISBN 978-0-7614-7266-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-29.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
