Penelope superciliaris (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Pangalloanserae
Cladus: Galloanseres
Ordo: Galliformes
Subordo: Craci
Familia: Cracidae
Genus: Penelope
Species: Penelope superciliaris
Subspecies: P. s. alagoensis – P. s. argyromitra – P. s. cyanosparius – P. s. jacupemba – P. s. major – P. s. ochromitra – P. s. pseudonyma – P. s. superciliaris
Name
Penelope superciliaris Temminck, 1815
References
Primary references
Histoire naturelle générale des pigeons et des gallinaces. 3 p.72,693
Additional references
Evangelista-Vargas, D., Costa, T.V.V., Whitney, B.M., Schunck, F. & Silveira, L.F. 2017. Penelope superciliaris pseudonyma Neumann, 1933 (Aves, Cracidae) is the valid name for the blue-faced population of Rusty-margined Guan endemic to the Madeira-Tapajós interfluvium of central Amazonian Brazil. Zootaxa 4294(4): 436–442. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.4.3 Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Rusty-margined Guan
português: Jacu-do-Pará
e rusty-margined guan (Penelope superciliaris) is a species of bird in the family Cracidae, which includes the chachalacas, guans, and curassows. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay.[2]
Taxonomy and systematics
The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) and the Handbook of the Birds of the World taxonomies recognize the four rusty-margined guan subspecies listed in the box to the right. The Clements taxonomy does not recognize P. s. pseudonyma as separate but includes its population in the nominate subspecies.[2][3][4] Birds in Brazil's Alagoas state are distinctive and might be a separate subspecies.[5] The rusty-margined guan and the Marail guan (P. marail) form a superspecies.[6]
Description
The rusty-margined guan is 55 to 73 cm (1.8 to 2.4 ft) long. The nominate subspecies weighs 950 to 1,150 g (2.1 to 2.5 lb) and P. s. jacupemba 750 to 880 g (1.7 to 1.9 lb). The species' upperparts are dark olive to brownish with the eponymous reddish margins on the wing coverts and scapulars. The belly is also rusty. The face is pale with a supercilium whose color ranges from white to buff or ochre in the different subspecies. P. s. jacupemba paler overall than the nominate and P. s. major is darker.[5]
Distribution and habitat
The nominate subspecies of rusty-margined guan is found in Amazonian Brazil south of the Amazon River. P. s. pseudonyma when treated separately is more westerly than the nominate sensu stricto. P. s. jacupemba is found from central and southern Brazil into eastern Bolivia. P. s. major is found in extreme southeastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, and extreme northeastern Argentina.[2][5]
The rusty-margined guan inhabits a wide variety of landscapes across its large range. Examples include the interior and edges of heavy forest, gallery forest, restinga, woodlands in cerrado grasslands, caatinga, mangroves, and Eucalyptus plantations. It is generally a bird of the lowlands but can be found as high as 1,300 m (4,300 ft) in parts of Brazil.[5]
Behavior
Movement
The rusty-margined guan is essentially sedentary, though in some areas birds roost in higher areas and move down to feed with an elevation change of up to 400 m (1,300 ft). It seldom flies more than about 20 m (66 ft) and usually much less.[5]
Feeding
The rusty-margined guan forages alone, in pairs, or in groups of up to 10 birds. It mainly feeds between about 5 and 10 m (16 and 33 ft) above the ground, but often feeds on the ground as well. Its diet is almost entirely fruit; one study identified the fruit of 117 plant species. It also eats small amounts of flowers, leaves, and insects.[5]
Breeding
The rusty-margined guan's breeding season spans October to February in Argentina and August to February in southeastern Brazil; it has not been well defined elsewhere. Its nest is a platform made of sticks lined with live and dead leaves, usually built in a tree. The clutch size is three eggs.[5]
Vocal and non-vocal sounds
Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.
Songs and calls
Listen to rusty-margined guan on xeno-canto
The rusty-margined guan gives a wing-whirring display that has not well defined. It gives a "gruff barking" call, probably in alarm but possibly in other contexts as well.[5]
Status
The IUCN has assessed the rusty-margined guan as being Near Threateed.[1] It is reasonably common only in protected areas though even there poaching is a concern.[5]
References
BirdLife International (2021). "Rusty-margined Guan Penelope superciliaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)". Retrieved July 14, 2021.
HBW and BirdLife International (2020) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 5. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip [.xls zipped 1 MB] retrieved May 27, 2021
Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021
del Hoyo, J. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Rusty-margined Guan (Penelope superciliaris), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.rumgua1.01 retrieved September 27, 2021
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved August 24, 2021
Further reading
Frisch, Johan Dalgas; Frisch, Christian Dalgas (2005). Aves Brasileiras e Plantas que as atraem (in Portuguese) (3 ed.). São Paulo. pp. 58–59. ISBN 85-85015-07-1.
Pereira, José Felipe Monteiro (2008). Aves e Pássaros Comuns do Rio de Janeiro (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Technical Books Editora. p. 47. ISBN 978-85-61368-00-5.
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