Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Metopophora
Cladus: Haptodontiformes
Cladus: Sphenacomorpha
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Eutheriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Epicynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliamorpha
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Cladus: Theriimorpha
Cladus: Theriiformes
Cladus: Trechnotheria
Cladus: Cladotheria
Cladus: Prototribosphenida
Cladus: Zatheria
Cladus: Tribosphenida
Cladus: Boreosphenida
Subclassis: Theria
Cladus: Metatheria
Cladus: Marsupialiformes
Infraclassis: Marsupialia
Cladus: Australidelphia
Cladus: Eomarsupialia
Ordo: Diprotodontia
Classis: Mammalia
Cohors: Marsupialia
Cladus: Eomarsupialia
Ordo: Diprotodontia
Subordines: Macropodiformes - Phalangeriformes - Vombatiformes
Familiae incertae sedis: †Palorchestidae – †Thylacoleonidae – †Wynyardiidae
Conspectus familiarum
Acrobatidae – Burramyidae – Hypsiprymnodontidae – Macropodidae – Petauridae – Phalangeridae – Phascolarctidae – Potoroidae – Pseudocheiridae - Tarsipedidae – Vombatidae – †Ektopodontidae – †Balbaridae – †Maradidae – †Miminipossumidae – †Miralinidae – †Palorchestidae – †Pilkipildridae – †Thylacoleonidae – †Wynyardiidae
Name
Diprotodontia Owen, 1877: 107
Synonymy
Phalangeriformes
References
Primary references
Owen, R. 1877. Researches on the fossil remains of the extinct mammals of Australia; with a notice of the extinct marsupials of England. J. Erxleben: London. Volume 1: xv + 522 pp. BHL; Volume 2: plates. BHL Reference page.
Additional references
Aplin, K.P. & Archer, M. 1987. Recent advances in marsupial systematics with a new syncretic classification. pp. xv–lxi In: Archer, M. (ed.). Possums and Opposums: Studies in Evolution. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Sydney. ISBN 9780949324054 Reference page.
Groves, C.P. 1993. Order Diprotodontia. Pp. 45–62 in Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.) . Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 2rd edition. Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, D.C. ISBN 978-1-56098-217-3. Reference page.
McKenna, M.C. & Bell, S.K. (eds.). 1997. Classification of mammals: above the species level. Columbia University Press: New York. xii + 631 pp. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Google Books Reference page.
Groves, C.P. 2005. Order Diprotodontia. Pp. 43–70 in Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.) . Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. 2 volumes. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Reference page.
Meredith, R.W., Westerman, M. & Springer, M.S. 2009. A phylogeny of Diprotodontia (Marsupialia) based on sequences for five nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51(3): 554–571. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.009 Paywall Reference page.
Jackson, S. & Groves, C. 2015. Taxonomy of Australian Mammals. CSIRO Publishing: Clayton. 529 pp. ISBN 978-1-486-30012-9. Reference page.
Vernacular names
български: Двурезцови торбести
català: Diprotodonts
čeština: Dvojitozubci
español: Diprotodontos
Nordfriisk: Kläämpöösdiarten
magyar: Kúszóerszényes-alakúak
日本語: カンガルー目
ქართული: ორმჭრელიანი ჩანთოსნები
한국어: 캥거루목
Limburgs: Snijtandege
македонски: Двопреднозаби
Nederlands: Klimbuideldieren
occitan: Diprotodontes
polski: Dwuprzodozębowce
português: Diprotodontes
русский: Двурезцовые
Türkçe: İki ön dişliler
українська: Дворізцеві
Diprotodontia (/daɪˌproʊtəˈdɒntiə/, from Greek "two forward teeth") is the largest extant order of marsupials, with about 155 species,[2] including the kangaroos, wallabies, possums, koalas, wombats, and many others. Extinct diprotodonts include the hippopotamus-sized Diprotodon, and Thylacoleo, the so-called "marsupial lion".
Characteristics
The prominent mandibular central incisors characteristic of the diprotodonts are evident in this Kangaroo Island grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus)
Living diprotodonts are almost all herbivores, as were most of those that are now extinct. A few insectivorous and omnivorous diprotodonts are known, and the Potoroidae are almost unique among vertebrates in being largely fungivorous, but these seem to have arisen as relatively recent adaptations from the mainstream herbivorous lifestyle. The extinct thylacoleonids ("marsupial lions") are the only known group to have exhibited carnivory on a large scale.
Diprotodonts are restricted to Australasia. The earliest known fossils date to the late Oligocene, but their genesis certainly lies earlier than this, as large gaps occur in Australia's fossil record, with virtually no fossil record at all in geologically active New Guinea. The great diversity of known Oligocene diprotodonts suggests the order began to diverge well beforehand.
Many of the largest and least athletic diprotodonts (along with a wide range of other Australian megafauna) became extinct when humans first arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago. Their extinction possibly occurred as a direct result of hunting, but was more probably a result of widespread habitat changes brought about by human activities—notably the use of fire.[citation needed]
Two key anatomical features, in combination, identify Diprotodontia. Members of the order are, first, "diprotodont" (meaning "two front teeth"): they have a pair of large, procumbent incisors on the lower jaw, a common feature of many early groups of mammals and mammaliforms. The diprotodont jaw is short, usually with three pairs of upper incisors (wombats, like rodents, have only one pair), and no lower canines. The second trait distinguishing diprotodonts is "syndactyly", a fusing of the second and third digits of the foot up to the base of the claws, which leaves the claws themselves separate.[3] Digit five is usually absent, and digit four is often greatly enlarged.
Syndactyly is not particularly common (though the Australian omnivorous marsupials share it) and is generally posited as an adaptation to assist in climbing. Many modern diprotodonts, however, are strictly terrestrial, and have evolved further adaptations to their feet to better suit this lifestyle. This makes the history of the tree-kangaroos particularly convoluted: it appears that the animals were arboreal at some time in the far distant past, moving afterward to the ground—gaining long kangaroo-like feet in the process — before returning to the trees, where they further developed a shortening and broadening of the hind feet and a novel climbing method.
Fossil record
The earliest known fossil of Diprotodontia dates back to the Late Oligocene (23.03 - 28.4 million years ago), and the earliest identifiable species is Hypsiprymnodon bartholomaii from the Early Miocene.[4]
Classification
Main article: List of diprotodonts
Cladogram of Diprotodontia by Upham et al. 2019[5][6] and Álvarez-Carretero et al. 2022[7][8]
Until recently, only two suborders in Diprotodontia were noted: Vombatiformes which encompassed the wombats and koala and Phalangerida which contained all other families. Kirsch et al. (1997) split the families into three suborders. In addition, the six Phalangeriformes families are split into two superfamilies. The Macropodiformes are probably nested within the Phalangeriformes, though whether they are sister to Phalangeroidea or Petauroidea is debated.[9]
Order Diprotodontia
Suborder Vombatiformes
Family Vombatidae: wombats (three species)
Family Phascolarctidae: koala (one species)
Family †Ilariidae
Family †Maradidae
Family †Diprotodontidae: (giant wombats)
Family †Palorchestidae: (marsupial tapirs)
Family †Thylacoleonidae: (marsupial lions)[10]
Family †Wynyardiidae
Suborder Phalangeriformes
Superfamily Phalangeroidea
Family Phalangeridae: (brushtail possums and cuscuses)
Family Burramyidae: (pygmy possums)
Family †Ektopodontidae: (sprite possums)
Superfamily Petauroidea
Family Tarsipedidae: (honey possum)
Family Petauridae: (striped possum, Leadbeater's possum, yellow-bellied glider, sugar glider, mahogany glider, squirrel glider)
Family Pseudocheiridae: (ring-tailed possums and allies)
Family Acrobatidae: (feathertail glider and feather-tailed possum)
Suborder Macropodiformes
Family †Balbaridae: (basal quadrupedal kangaroos)
Family Macropodidae: (kangaroos, wallabies and allies)
Family Potoroidae: (bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos)
Family Hypsiprymnodontidae: (musky rat-kangaroo)
† means extinct family, genus or species
See also
List of mammal genera
List of recently extinct mammals
List of prehistoric mammals
References
Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 43–70. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
Meredith, Robert W.; Westerman, Michael; Springer, Mark S. (26 February 2009). "A phylogeny of Diprotodontia (Marsupialia) based on sequences for five nuclear genes" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 51 (3): 554–571. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.009. PMID 19249373. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
Tolweb
The Paleobiology Database
Upham, Nathan S.; Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Jetz, Walter (2019). "Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution and conservation". PLOS Biol. 17 (12): e3000494. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494. PMC 6892540. PMID 31800571.
Upham, Nathan S.; Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Jetz, Walter (2019). "DR_on4phylosCompared_linear_richCol_justScale_ownColors_withTips_80in" (PDF). PLOS Biology. 17 (12). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494.
Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra; Tamuri, Asif U.; Battini, Matteo; Nascimento, Fabrícia F.; Carlisle, Emily; Asher, Robert J.; Yang, Ziheng; Donoghue, Philip C.J.; dos Reis, Mario (2022). "A species-level timeline of mammal evolution integrating phylogenomic data". Nature. 602 (7896): 263–267. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04341-1. hdl:1983/de841853-d57b-40d9-876f-9bfcf7253f12.
Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra; Tamuri, Asif U.; Battini, Matteo; Nascimento, Fabrícia F.; Carlisle, Emily; Asher, Robert J.; Yang, Ziheng; Donoghue, Philip C.J.; dos Reis, Mario (2022). "4705sp_colours_mammal-time.tree". Nature (602): 263–267. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04341-1. hdl:1983/de841853-d57b-40d9-876f-9bfcf7253f12.
Eldridge, Mark D B; Beck, Robin M D; Croft, Darin A; Travouillon, Kenny J; Fox, Barry J (2019-05-23). "An emerging consensus in the evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of marsupials and their fossil relatives (Metatheria)". Journal of Mammalogy. 100 (3): 802–837. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyz018. ISSN 0022-2372.
Naish, Darren (2004). "Of koalas and marsupial lions: the vombatiform radiation, part I". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (1). Scientific American, Inc.: 240–250. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.004. PMID 15324852. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
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