Eira barbara

Eira barbara (Information about this image)

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Metopophora
Cladus: Haptodontiformes
Cladus: Sphenacomorpha
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Eutheriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Epicynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliamorpha
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Cladus: Theriimorpha
Cladus: Theriiformes
Cladus: Trechnotheria
Cladus: Cladotheria
Cladus: Prototribosphenida
Cladus: Zatheria
Cladus: Tribosphenida
Cladus: Boreosphenida
Subclassis: Theria
Cladus: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Magnordo: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Grandordo: Ferungulata
Mirordo: Ferae
Cladus: Pan-Carnivora
Cladus: Carnivoramorpha
Cladus: Carnivoraformes
Ordo: Carnivora
Subordo: Caniformia
Infraordo: Arctoidea
Parvordo: Mustelida
Superfamilia: Musteloidea

Familia: Mustelidae
Subfamilia: Guloninae
Genus: Eira
Species: Eira barbara
Subspecies: E. b. barbara – E. b. biologiae – E. b. inserta – E. b. madeirensis – E. b. peruana – E. b. poliocephala – E. b. senex – E. b. senilis – E. b. sinuensis
Name

Eira barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Original combination: Mustela barbara
Type locality: "Brasilia", restricted by Lönnberg (1913) to "Pernambuco".

References

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 48. Open access Reference page.
Steven J. Presley, 2000. Eira barbara, Mammalian Species, American Socoiety of Mammologists, No. 636, pp. 1–6, 3 figs.
Schiaffini, M.I. 2020. Are subspecies (of Eira barbara) real?. Journal of Mammalogy 101(5): 1410–1425. DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa105 Open access Reference page.
Eira barbara in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
IUCN: Eira barbara (Least Concern)
Eira barbara (Linnaeus, 1758) – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).

Vernacular names
авар: Тайра
brezhoneg: Tolomuko
català: Taira
čeština: Hyrare
Deutsch: Tayra
English: Tayra, Greyheaded Tayra
Esperanto: Irarao
español: irará, eirá, tayra, hurón mayor
euskara: Eira barbara
suomi: Taira
français: Martre à tête grise
hrvatski: Tajra
magyar: Taira
italiano: Tayra
日本語: タイラ
lietuvių: Pilkagalvė mangusta
latviešu: Taira
Nederlands: Tayra
polski: Hirara
português: irara, jaguapé, papa-mel
Runa Simi: Pantu
русский: Тайра
svenska: Tayra
Türkçe: Tayra
українська: Тайра
中文: 狐鼬

Eira barbara

Eira barbara, Photo by R. M. Timm

The tayra (Eira barbara) is an omnivorous animal from the mustelid family, native to the Americas. It is the only species in the genus Eira.

Tayras are also known as the tolomuco or perico ligero in Central America, motete in Honduras, irara in Brazil, san hol or viejo de monte in the Yucatan Peninsula, and high-woods dog (or historically chien bois) in Trinidad.[2] The genus name Eira is derived from the indigenous name of the animal in Bolivia and Peru, while barbara means "strange" or "foreign".[3]
Description

Tayras are long, agile mustelids, similar in appearance to a large fisher or marten, but slightly more reminiscent of a sleeker, smaller wolverine. They range from 56 to 71 cm (22 to 28 in) in length, not including their 37- to 46-cm-long (15 to 18 in) bushy tail, and weigh 2.7 to 7.0 kg (6.0 to 15.4 lb). Males are larger and slightly more muscular than females. They have short, dark brown to black fur, which is relatively uniform in length and color across the body, limbs, and tail—except for a yellowish or orange "heart"-shaped spot on the chest. Each tayra's chest patch is unique in color, shape and size, and thus may be used by biologists, rescuers and other specialists to identify individuals.[4] The fur on the head and neck is lighter, typically tan or greyish in colour. Albino, white, or beige-yellow individuals are also known, with genetic color morphs being not nearly as rare in tayras as among other mustelids.[3]

The feet have toes of unequal length with tips that form a strongly curved line when held together. The claws are short and curved, but strong, being adapted for climbing and running rather than digging. The pads of the feet are hairless, but are surrounded by stiff sensory hairs. The head has small, rounded ears, long sensory whiskers, and black eyes with a blue-green shine. Like other musteloids, tayras possess anal scent glands, albeit not nearly as large, nor as pungent in odor, as in other species. Additionally, tayras typically only employ scent-marking for territorial demarcation and identifying other animals in the vicinity, and not as a self-defense tactic, such as with skunks.[3]
Range and habitat
Distribution of tayra subspecies.

Tayras are found across most of South America, with the exceptions of Chile, Uruguay, Argentina (other than the far northern regions) and parts of the Brazilian east coast. They are found across the whole of Central America, where their range begins in México—as far north as Tamaulipas and Veracruz, on the east coast, and south Sinaloa and Nayarit on the west coast—and continues south to Panamá. Tayras are also found on the island of Trinidad.[1] They are generally found in only tropical and subtropical forests; still, they may traverse grasslands or other habitats at nighttime, as they move between forest patches,[5] and they also are seen in cultivated areas, tree plantations and farmlands.[1]
Subspecies

Currently, seven regional subspecies are recognised:[3]

E. b. barbara (northern Argentina, Paraguay, western Bolivia and central and southern Brazil)
E. b. inserta (Guatemala to central Costa Rica)
E. b. madeirensis (western Ecuador to northern Brazil)
E. b. peruana (the eastern Andean foothills of Peru and Bolivia)
E. b. poliocephala (eastern Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas and northeastern Brazil)
E. b. senex (central Mexico to northern Honduras)
E. b. sinuensis (Panama and Colombia to western Venezuela and northern Ecuador)

Behaviour and diet

Tayras are diurnal animals, although occasionally active during the evening or at night.[5] The social behaviour of tayras is not well understood. Assumed solitary, they have been seen in larger groups, presumably of mother and her larger offspring.[6] They are opportunistic omnivores, hunting rodents and other small mammals, as well as birds, lizards, other reptiles, and invertebrates, and climbing trees to get fruit and honey.[3][7][8] They locate prey primarily by scent, having relatively poor eyesight, and actively chase it once located, rather than stalking or using ambush tactics.[5]

They are expert climbers, using their long tails for balance. On the ground or on large horizontal tree limbs, they use a bounding gallop when moving at high speeds.[9] They can also leap from treetop to treetop when pursued.[citation needed] They generally avoid water, but are capable of swimming across rivers when necessary.[3]

They live in hollow trees, or burrows in the ground. Individual animals maintain relatively large home ranges, with areas up to 24 km2 (9.3 sq mi) having been recorded. They may travel at least 6 km (3.7 mi) in a single night.[3]

An interesting instance of caching has been observed among tayras: a tayra will pick unripe green plantains, which are inedible, and leave them to ripen in a cache, coming back a few days later to consume the softened pulp.[10]

The tayra was found to be a host of an intestinal acanthocephalan parasitic worm, Pachysentis gethi.[11]
Reproduction

Tayras breed year-round, with the females entering estrus several times each year for 3 to 20 days at a time.[12] Unlike some other mustelids, tayras do not exhibit embryonic diapause, and gestation lasts from 63 to 67 days. The female gives birth to one to three young, which she cares for alone.[3][13]

The young are altricial, being born blind and with closed ears, but are already covered in a full coat of black fur; they weigh about 100 g (3.5 oz) at birth. Their eyes open at 35 to 47 days, and they leave the den shortly thereafter. They begin to take solid food around 70 days of age, and are fully weaned by 100 days. Hunting behaviour begins as early as three months, and the mother initially brings her young wounded or slow prey to practise on as they improve their killing technique. The young are fully grown around 6 months old, and leave their mother to establish their own territory by 10 months.[3]
Conservation

Wild tayra populations are slowly shrinking, especially in Mexico, due to habitat destruction for agricultural purposes. The species is listed as being of least concern.[1]

References

Cuarón, A.D.; Reid, F.; Helgen, K.; González-Maya, J.F. (2016). "Eira barbara". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41644A45212151. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41644A45212151.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
"Sistema de Publicaciones del INE". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
Presley, S.J. (2000). "Eira barbara" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 636: 1–6. doi:10.1644/1545-1410(2000)636<0001:eb>2.0.co;2. S2CID 198968925.
Villafañe-Trujillo, Álvaro José; López-González, Carlos Alberto; Kolowski, Joseph M. (2018-01-24). "Throat patch variation in tayra (Eira barbara) and the potential for individual identification in the field". Diversity. 10 (1): 7. doi:10.3390/d10010007.
Defler, T.R. (1980). "Notes on interactions between tayra (Eira barbara) and the white-fronted capuchin (Cebus albifrons)". Journal of Mammalogy. 61 (1): 156. doi:10.2307/1379979. JSTOR 1379979.
Hunter, Luke (2018). Field Guide to Carnivores of the World, 2nd edition. Bloomsbury Wildlife.
Galef, B.G.; et al. (1976). "Predation by the tayra (Eira barbara)". Journal of Mammalogy. 57 (4): 760–761. doi:10.2307/1379450. JSTOR 1379450.
"Eira barbara (Tayra)". Animal Diversity Web.
Kavanau, J.L. (1971). "Locomotion and activity phasing of some medium-sized mammals". Journal of Mammalogy. 52 (2): 396–403. doi:10.2307/1378681. JSTOR 1378681.
Soley, F.G. & Alvarado-Díaz, I. (8 July 2011). "Prospective thinking in a mustelid? Eira barbara (Carnivora) cache unripe fruits to consume them once ripened". Naturwissenschaften. 98 (8): 693–698. Bibcode:2011NW.....98..693S. doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0821-0. PMID 21739130. S2CID 6205887.
Machado-Filho, D.A. (1950). "Revisão do gênero Prosthenorchis Travassos, 1915 (Acanthocephala)" [Revision to the genus Prosthenorchis Travassos, 1915 (Acanthocephala)]. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (in Portuguese). 48: 495–545. doi:10.1590/S0074-02761950000100020. PMID 24539413. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022.
Poglayen-Neuwall, I. "Copulatory behavior, gestation and parturition of the tayra." Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. 7 (1974): 1-140.

Vaughan, R. (1974). "Breeding the tayra (Eira barbara) at Antelope Zoo, Lincoln". International Zoo Yearbook. 14: 120–122. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1974.tb00791.x.