Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Metopophora
Cladus: Haptodontiformes
Cladus: Sphenacomorpha
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Pantherapsida
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Eutheriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Epicynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliamorpha
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Cladus: Theriimorpha
Cladus: Theriiformes
Cladus: Trechnotheria
Cladus: Cladotheria
Cladus: Prototribosphenida
Cladus: Zatheria
Cladus: Tribosphenida
Subclassis: Theria
Cladus: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Magnordo: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Grandordo: Ferungulata
Mirordo: Ferae
Cladus: Pan-Carnivora
Cladus: Carnivoramorpha
Cladus: Carnivoraformes
Ordo: Carnivora
Subordo: Caniformia
Infraordo: Arctoidea
Parvordo: Mustelida
Superfamilia: Musteloidea
Familia: Mustelidae
Subfamilia: Lutrinae
Genus: Lutra
Species (6 + †1): L. capensis – L. cinerea – L. congica – L. lutra – L. perspicillata – L. sumatrana – †L. nippon
L. lutra - L. nippon - L. sumatrana
Name
Lutra Brisson, 1762: 201 [conserved name]
Type species: Mustela lutra Linnaeus, 1758, by designation under the Plenary Powers (1998: 64).
Gender: masculine.
Placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Opinion 1894 (1998: 65).
Synonyms
Lutris Duméril, 1806
Lutrix Rafinesque, 1815
Lutronectes Gray, 1867
Mamlutraus Herrera, 1899
References
Primary references
Brisson, M.J. 1762. Regnum animale in classes IX. Distributum, Sive, Synopsis Methodica, Sistens generalem Animalium distributionem in Classes IX, & duarum primarum Classium, Quadrupedum scilicet & Cetaceorum, particularem divisionem in Ordines, Sectiones, Genera & Species. Cum brevi cujusque Speciei Descriptione, Cicationibus Auctorum de iis tractantium, Nominibus eis ab ipsis & Nationibus impositis, Nominibusque vulgaribus. Theodorum Haak: Lugduni Batavorum. 7 + 296 pp. BHL Reference page.
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1998. Opinion 1894. Regnum Animale ..., Ed. 2 (M.J. Brisson, 1762): rejected for nomenclatural purposes, with the conservation of the mammalian generic names Philander (Marsupialia), Pteropus (Chiroptera), Glis, Cuniculus and Hydrochoerus (Rodentia), Meles, Lutra and Hyaena (Carnivora), Tapirus (Perissodactyla), Tragulus and Giraffa (Artiodactyla). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 55(1): 64–71. BHL Reference page.
Links
Lutra in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors.) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Lutra – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Vernacular names
azərbaycanca: Susamuru brezhoneg: Ki-dour bosanski: Vidra català: Llúdria čeština: Vydra Cymraeg: Dwrgi dansk: Odder Deutsch: Fischotter Ελληνικά: Βίδρα English: Otter Esperanto: Lutro español: Nutria eesti: Saarmas euskara: Igaraba suomi: Saukko Nordfriisk: Faskoter français: Loutre Frysk: Otter galego: Lontra hrvatski: Vidra magyar: Vidra Bahasa Indonesia: Berang-berang italiano: Lontra 日本語: カワウソ属 한국어: 수달 Limburgs: Otter lietuvių: Ūdra latviešu: Ūdrs македонски: Видра Bahasa Melayu: Memerang Nederlands: Otter norsk nynorsk: Oter norsk: Oter occitan: Loira polski: Wydry português: Lontra română: Vidră русский: Выдра srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Vidra slovenčina: Vydra slovenščina: Vidra српски / srpski: Видра svenska: Utter ไทย: นากใหญ่ Türkçe: Eski dünya samurları українська: Видра
Lutra is a genus of otters, one of seven in the subfamily Lutrinae.
Taxonomy and evolution
The genus includes these species:
Extant species
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eurasian otter
|
Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) |
coasts of Europe, many parts of Asia, and parts of northern Africa |
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
NT
|
| Hairy-nosed otter
|
Lutra sumatrana (Gray, 1865) |
Southeast Asia |
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
EN
|
Extinct species
Image Scientific name Common name Distribution
L. nippon Japanese otter Japan
†Lutra affinis
†Lutra bressana
†Lutra bravardi
†Lutra castiglionis
†Lutra euxena
†Lutra fatimazohrae
†Lutra franconica
†Lutra hearsti
†Lutra palaeindica
†Lutra simplicidens
†Lutra trinacriae
The genus most likely evolved in Asia during the late Pliocene epoch;[1] the oldest fossil belonging to the genus is of the species L. palaeindica, and dates from the late Pliocene.[2]
Habitat
Lutra species are semiaquatic mammals, so they are well-adapted to both water and land. They prefer shallow, narrow areas of streams surrounded by mature trees and with rocks, especially where weirs reduce the flow of the water, as well as attract fishes. They seem to tolerate roads and residential and agricultural areas, but only moderate human interaction. They clearly avoid areas without vegetation cover and rocks.[3]
Diet
The otters' diets consist mainly of fish (hence, the aquatic environment). However, during the winter and in colder environments, fish consumption is significantly lower and the otters use other resources for their food supply. Their diets can consist of amphibians (mainly frogs and pond turtles), bird predation (mainly anserine species), small rodents, and invertebrates such as water beetles, snails, and crayfish. They have also feed on plants, specifically grasses. With this large diversity of prey and resources for their diets, otters are considered "opportunistic eaters".[4]
Behavior
Some otters live in solitude, while others live in groups.
Lutra species are known to exhibit strong territorial behavior. Family group territories are distinct from those of solitary male Lutra. In a family group, adult males can be seen patrolling and defending their territories while females will raise their cubs in a secure area within the males' territories. Additionally, a family group choose areas that are rich in resources to support their cubs during the first year. Solitary males, however, choose their territory for reproductive purposes and ensure they have access to breeding females. These territories are marked with spraints as a means to claim ownership and deter rivals. As a result, there are overlapping boundary zones that cause many conflicts between males and is resolved through threatening signals and avoidance. [5]
References
Koepfli, K.-P.; et al. (2008). "Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation". BMC Biology. 6 (10): 10. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10. PMC 2276185. PMID 18275614.
Larivière, S. (2002). "Lutra maculicollis". Mammalian Species. 712: Number 712: pp. 1–6. doi:10.1644/1545-1410(2002)712<0001:LM>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 198968980.
Cho, Hee-Sun; Choi, Kwang-Hee; Lee, Sang-Don; Park, Young-Seuk (2009). "Characterizing habitat preference of Eurasian river otter (Lutra lutra) in streams using a self-organizing map". Limnology. 10 (3): 203. Bibcode:2009Limno..10..203C. doi:10.1007/s10201-009-0275-7. S2CID 20000248.
Lanszki, József; Molnár, M. & Molnár, T. (2006). "Factors affecting the predation of otter (Lutra lutra) on European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis)". Journal of Zoology. 270 (2): 219. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00132.x.
Erlinge, Sam (1968). "Territoriality of the Otter Lutra lutra L". Oikos. 19 (1): 81–98. Bibcode:1968Oikos..19...81E. doi:10.2307/3564733. ISSN 0030-1299. JSTOR 3564733.
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