Nyctidromus albicollis

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Superordo: Caprimulgimorphae
Ordo: Caprimulgiformes

Familia: Caprimulgidae
Subfamilia: Caprimulginae
Genus: Nyctidromus
Species: Nyctidromus albicollis
Subspecies: N. a. albicollis – N. a. derbyanus – N. a. gilvus –N. a. insularis – N. a. intercedens – N. a. merrilli – N. a. yucatanensis
Name

Nyctidromus albicollis (Gmelin, 1789)

Type locality: Cayenne, French Guiana.

Synonyms

Caprimulgus albicollis (protonym)
Hydropsalis albicollis (Gmelin, 1789)

References

Gmelin, J.F. 1789. Caroli a Linné systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I, Pars II. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. - pp. 501–1032. Lipsiae. (Beer). DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.545 Original description p. 1030 BHL Reference page.

Vernacular names
čeština: lelek šedočelý
dansk: Spraglet Natravn
Deutsch: Pauraquenachtschwalbe
English: Pauraque, Common Pauraque
español: Chotacabras pauraque
eesti: paurake-öösorr
suomi: kauluskehrääjä
français: Engoulevent pauraqué
Avañe'ẽ: Luirivevu
magyar: kurjangó
italiano: Succiacapre collobianco
日本語: オオヨタカ, ooyotaka
Nederlands: Pauraque
norsk: Pauraquenattravn
polski: lelkowiec bialoszyi
português do Brasil: Bacurau
português: Curiango, Curiango-comum
русский: Козодой-пораке
slovenčina: lelek paurake
svenska: Azteknattskärra
中文: 帕乌拉凯夜鹰, 帕拉夜鹰, 小帕拉夜鹰, 眼斑夜鹰

The pauraque (Nyctidromus albicollis) – also called the common pauraque to distinguish it from similar species – is a nightjar species, one of two birds in the genus Nyctidromus. It breeds in the subtropical and tropical regions of the New World, and except for northernmost birds it is largely resident all year round.[2]
Taxonomy

The pauraque was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other nightjars in the genus Caprimulgus and coined the binomial name Caprimulgus albicollis.[3] Gmelin based his description on the "white-throated goatsucker" that had been described in 1783 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his A General Synopsis of Birds. Latham had examined a preserved specimen in London that was thought to have come from Cayenne, French Guiana.[4] The pauraque is now placed with Anthony's nightjar in the genus Nyctidromus that was introduced in 1838 by the English ornithologist John Gould.[5][6] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek nukti- meaning "nocturnal" or "night-" with -dromos meaning "-racer". The specific epithet albicollis combines the Latin albus meaning "white" with the Modern Latin -collis" meaning "-necked".[7]

The common name "pauraque" may be an onomatopoeia from the bird's wailing call.[8]

Six subspecies are recognised:[6]

N. a. insularis Nelson, 1898 – Tres Marías Is. (off w Mexico)
N. a. merrilli Sennett, 1888 – south Texas (USA) and northeast Mexico
N. a. yucatanensis Nelson, 1901 – west, east Mexico (including Yucatán Peninsula) to central Guatemala
N. a. gilvus Bangs, 1902 – central, east Panama and north Colombia
N. a. albicollis (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – south Guatemala to northwest Peru; east Colombia, northwest Peru and Venezuela through the Guianas and Brazil
N. a. derbyanus Gould, 1838 – Bolivia, central, south Brazil, Paraguay and northeast Argentina

Common pauraque roosting in Manuel Antonio National Park.
Description
Nyctidromus albicollis Louis Agassiz Fuertes, 1926

This medium-sized nightjar is 8.7–11 in (22–28 cm) long and has two colour morphs, the plumage being variegated greyish-brown or rufous-brown. It is long-tailed and has broad rounded wings. The buff 'eye-ring' and 'facial stripe' contrast with the reddish sides of the face.[2]

The adult male pauraque has a white band near the wing tips, and the outer tail feathers are mainly white. The female's wing band is narrower and the white in the outer tail is more restricted. There are seven subspecies of the pauraque, differing in size and greyness.[2]

The male pauraque's song is very variable, but includes a whistled weeeow wheeooo ("who-r-you"), soft puk puk and a whip given in the courtship flight as he flutters around the female. Her call is a rapid succession of whip sounds.[2]
Distribution and ecology

The breeding range of the common pauraque extends from southern Texas to the lower Paraná River region. Most populations are all-year residents, although the U.S. breeders (N. a. merrilli) may winter in eastern Mexico.[2]

At the southern end of its range, subspecies N. a. derbyanus ranges from central and southern Brazil into the adjacent parts of Bolivia, and through Paraguay into Argentina and Uruguay. Even the southernmost birds seem to be nonmigratory, but at the limit of its range the species is only patchily distributed. For example, it is not recorded to breed in Entre Ríos Province (Argentina) and it is scarce in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil); about its presence in Uruguay likewise little is known, except that a population of some size is found along the Yaguarón River in the Cuchilla de Mangrullo region.[9]
Two splotched pinkish eggs rest on dead leaves on the ground.
The two pinkish eggs of the pauraque are laid directly on the ground or leaf litter.

It is found in open woodland/grassland habitats, but also scrubland and crop fields. This species has long legs (by nightjar standards) with bare tarsi, and is more terrestrial than most of its relatives. If disturbed, it will sometimes run rather than fly, and it frequently rests on roads and tracks. In general, it prefers mixed habitat which offers densely vegetated hiding places – ideally forest – for the day, as well as open landscape – perhaps even rivers or wetlands – to hunt at night. The pauraque is nocturnal, like other nightjars, and starts to fly at dusk. Like its relatives, it feeds on insects caught in flight, usually by flycatching from a low perch, but also by foraging over open ground.[2][10]

No nest is made; the two elongated and elliptical pinkish eggs are placed upon the bare ground or leaf litter. Sometimes just one egg is laid.[11] Not globally threatened, it is considered a Species of Least Concern by the IUCN.[1] Being an adaptable species that will tolerate human disturbance of habitat well, the pauraque has actually benefitted from limited deforestation. Logging creates areas of low and secondary growth in which the birds are able to hunt more efficiently. However, it will of course abandon heavily built-up or clear-cut locales, and, in addition, it is very vulnerable to predation by feral dogs and cats, disappearing from areas where these pests are abundant.[12]
References

BirdLife International (2020). "Nyctidromus albicollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22689731A168860360. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22689731A168860360.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Cleere, Nigel (1998). Nightjars: a Guide to Nightjars and Related Nightbirds. Nr. Robertsbridge (East Sussex): Pica Press. ISBN 1-873403-48-8.
Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 1030.
Latham, John (1783). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 2, Part 2. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. pp. 596–597, No. 7.
Gould, John (1838). Icones Avium, or figures and descriptions of new and interesting species of birds from various parts of the globe. Vol. Part 2. London: self. Plate 12 text (plates not numbered).
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Frogmouths, Oilbird, potoos, nightjars". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 277, 38. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Skutch, Alexander F. (1972). "Pauraque". Studies of Tropical American Birds. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club: Number 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Nuttall Ornithological Club. pp. 3–21 [6].
Azpiroz, Adrián B.; Menéndez, José L. (2008). "Three new species and novel distributional data for birds in Uruguay". Bull. B.O.C. 128 (1): 38–56.
Accordi, Iury Almeida; Barcellos, André (2006). "Composição da avifauna em oito áreas úmidas da Bacia Hidrográfica do Lago Guaíba, Rio Grande do Sul" [Bird composition and conservation in eight wetlands of the hydrographic basin of Guaíba lake, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia (in Portuguese and English). 14 (2): 101–115.
Guilherme, Edson; Lima, Jônatas (2020-09-21). "Breeding biology and morphometrics of Common Pauraque Nyctidromus a. albicollis in south-west Amazonia, and the species' breeding season and clutch size in Brazil". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 140 (3). doi:10.25226/bboc.v140i3.2020.a7. ISSN 0007-1595. S2CID 221823941.
Ingels, J.; Oniki, Y.; Willis, E.O. (1999). "Opportunistic adaptations to man-induced habitat changes by some South American Caprimulgidae" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Biologia (in English and Portuguese). 59 (4): 563–566. doi:10.1590/S0034-71081999000400005. PMID 23505644.