Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Metopophora
Cladus: Haptodontiformes
Cladus: Sphenacomorpha
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Eutheriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Epicynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliamorpha
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Cladus: Theriimorpha
Cladus: Theriiformes
Cladus: Trechnotheria
Cladus: Cladotheria
Cladus: Prototribosphenida
Cladus: Zatheria
Cladus: Tribosphenida
Cladus: Boreosphenida
Subclassis: Theria
Cladus: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Magnordo: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Euarchontoglires
Grandordo: Euarchonta
Mirordo: Primatomorpha
Ordo: Primates
Subordo: Haplorhini
Infraordo: Simiiformes
Parvordo: Catarrhini
Superfamilia: Cercopithecoidea
Familia: Cercopithecidae
Subfamilia: Colobinae
Tribus: Colobini – Presbytini
Genera incertae sedis: †Dolichopithecus – †Kanagawapithecus – †Kuseracolobus – †Mesopithecus – †Microcolobus – †Myanmarcolobus – †Paracolobus – †Parapresbytis – †Rhinocolobus
Name
Colobinae Jerdon, 1867
Synonymy
Colobinae Jerdon, 1867: 3
Presbytina Gray, 1825: 338
Presbytinae
Semnopitheci Owen, 1842: 84
Semnopithecidae Owen, 1843: 55
Semnopithecinae
References
Primary references
Jerdon, T.C. 1867. The Mammals of India; A natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India. Thomason College Press: Roorkee, India. 319 pp. BHL Reference page.
Gray, J.E. 1825. An Outline of an Attempt at the Disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a List of the Genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe. Annals of Philosophy (ns) 10: 337–344. BHL Reference page.
Owen, R. 1843. Report on the British Fossil Mammalia. Part I. Unguiculata and Cetacea. Report of the Twelfth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Manchester in June 1842 54–74. BHL Reference page.
Links
Colobinae in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Vernacular names
বাংলা: হনুমান
Deutsch: Schlank- und Stummelaffen
English: Colobinae
español: Colobinae
français: Colobinae
hrvatski: Vitkostasi i sakati majmuni
magyar: Karcsúmajmok
Bahasa Indonesia: Langur
italiano: Colobini
日本語: コロブス亜科
lietuvių: Laibaliemenės beždžionės
Nederlands: Slankapen
polski: Gerezy
português: Colobíneos/Colombianos
русский: Тонкотелые обезьяны
svenska: Langurer
ไทย: ค่าง
Tiếng Việt: Phân họ Khỉ ngón cái ngắn
中文: 疣猴亚科
The Colobinae or leaf-eating monkeys are a subfamily of the Old World monkey family that includes 61 species in 11 genera, including the black-and-white colobus, the large-nosed proboscis monkey, and the gray langurs. Some classifications split the colobine monkeys into two tribes, while others split them into three groups. Both classifications put the three African genera Colobus, Piliocolobus, and Procolobus in one group; these genera are distinct in that they have stub thumbs (Greek κολοβός kolobós = "docked"). The various Asian genera are placed into another one or two groups. Analysis of mtDNA confirms the Asian species form two distinct groups, one of langurs and the other of the "odd-nosed" species, but are inconsistent as to the relationships of the gray langurs; some studies suggest that the gray langurs are not closely related to either of these groups,[2] while others place them firmly within the langur group.[3]
Characteristics
Colobines are mainly arboreal and folivorous primates. Adult Nilgiri Langur pictured.
Colobines are medium-sized primates with long tails (except for the pig-tailed langur) and diverse colorations. The coloring of nearly all young animals differs remarkably from that of the adults.
Most species are arboreal, although some live a more terrestrial life. They are found in many different habitats of different climate zones (rainforests, mangroves, mountain forests, and savannah), but not in deserts and other dry areas. They live in groups, but in social forms vary.
Colobines are folivorous, though their diet may be supplemented with flowers, fruits and the occasional insect. To aid in digestion, particularly of hard-to-digest leaves, they have multichambered, complex stomachs, making them the only primates with foregut fermentation. Foregut fermenters use bacteria to detoxify plant compounds before reaching the intestine, where toxins can be absorbed. Foregut fermentation is also associated with higher protein extraction and efficient digestion of fiber;[4][5] it is the dominant form of digestions in diverse herbivore taxa, including most Artiodactyla (e.g., deer, cattle, antelope), sloths, and kangaroos. In contrast, lower diversity howler monkeys in the New World rely on hindgut fermentation – occurring lower in the colon or cecum – much like horses and elephants.[4] Unlike the other subfamily of Old World monkeys, the Cercopithecinae, they do not possess cheek pouches.
Gestation averages six to seven months. Young are weaned at about one year and are mature at three to six years. Their life expectancy is approximately 20 years.
Classification and evolution
Colobinae is split into two tribes: Colobini, found in Africa, and Presbytini, found in Asia. Based on fossil records, the tribes split between 10 and 13 million years ago.[6][7] The Colobini tribe contains three genera, black-and-white colobuses, red colobuses, and the olive colobus, all of whom are found in Africa. The Asian Presbytini comprises seven genera split into two clades, the odd-nosed group and the langur group.[6][2] The discordant gene tree topologies and divergence age estimates suggest that hybridization, particularly involving female introgression from Piliocolobus/Procolobus into Colobus and male introgression from Semnopithecus into Trachypithecus, played a prominent role in shaping the phylogenetic relationships of African and Asian colobine monkeys during their evolutionary history.[3]
The earliest remains of Colobinae are known from the Tugen Hills of Kenya, dating to 12.5 million years ago. The earliest fossils of the genus in Eurasia are those of Mesopithecus found in Greece, dating to around 8.2 million years ago.[8]
Family Cercopithecidae[1][2]
Subfamily Cercopithecinae
Subfamily Colobinae
Tribe Colobini
Genus Colobus - black-and-white colobus monkeys
Genus Piliocolobus - red colobus monkeys
Genus Procolobus - olive colobus
†Genus Cercopithecoides
Tribe Presbytini
Langur (leaf monkey) group
Genus Trachypithecus - lutungs
Genus Presbytis - surilis
Genus Semnopithecus - gray langurs
Odd-nosed group
Genus Pygathrix - doucs
Genus Rhinopithecus - snub-nosed monkeys
Genus Nasalis - proboscis monkey
Genus Simias - pig-tailed langur
†Genus Mesopithecus
Hybrids
Intergeneric hybrids are known to occur within the subfamily Colobinae. In India, gray langurs (Semnopithecus spp.) are known to hybridize with Nilgiri langurs (Trachypithecus johnii).[9]
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colobinae.
Wikispecies has information related to Colobinae.
Groves, C. P. (2005). "SUBFAMILY Colobinae". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 167–178. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Sterner, Kirstin N.; Raaum, Ryan L.; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Stewart, Caro-Beth; Disotell, Todd R. (2006). "Mitochondrial data support an odd-nosed colobine clade" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 1–7. Bibcode:2006MolPE..40....1S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.017. PMID 16500120. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
Osterholz, Martin; Walter, Lutz; Roos, Christian (2008). "Phylogenetic position of the langur genera Semnopithecus and Trachypithecus among Asian colobines, and genus affiliations of their species groups". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (1). Springer Nature: 58. Bibcode:2008BMCEE...8...58O. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-58. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 2268674. PMID 18298809.
Edwards, Mark S.; Ullrey, Duane E. (1999). "Effect of dietary fiber concentration on apparent digestibility and digesta passage in non-human primates. II. Hindgut- and foregut-fermenting folivores". Zoo Biology. 18 (6): 537–549. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1999)18:6<537::AID-ZOO8>3.0.CO;2-F. ISSN 1098-2361.
Feldhamer, George A.; Lee C. Drickamer; Stephen H. Vessey (2007). Mammalogy : Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology. JHU Press. pp. 128–130. ISBN 978-1-4214-3652-4. OCLC 1097452280.
XiaoPing, Wang (2013). "Summary of phylogeny in subfamily Colobinae (Primate: Cercopithecidae)". Chinese Science Bulletin. 58 (18): 2097–2103. Bibcode:2013ChSBu..58.2097W. doi:10.1007/s11434-012-5624-y.
Perelman, Polina; Johnson, Warren E.; Roos, Christian; Seuánez, Hector N.; Horvath, Julie E.; Moreira, Miguel A. M.; et al. (17 March 2011). "A Molecular Phylogeny of Living Primates". PLOS Genetics. 7 (3): e1001342. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342. PMC 3060065. PMID 21436896.
Frost, Stephen R.; Gilbert, Christopher C.; Nakatsukasa, Masato (2022-02-28), Matsuda, Ikki; Grueter, Cyril C.; Teichroeb, Julie A. (eds.), "The Colobine Fossil Record", The Colobines (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 13–31, doi:10.1017/9781108347150.004, ISBN 978-1-108-34715-0, retrieved 2024-08-25
Rowe, N. (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. Pogonias Press. pp. 139, 143, 154, 185, 223. ISBN 978-0-9648825-0-8.
Roos, Christian, et al. “Nuclear Versus Mitochondrial DNA: Evidence for Hybridization in Colobine Monkeys.” BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 11, no. 1, 2011, pp. 77–77, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-77.
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