Notoptera

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Cladus: Pancrustacea
Cladus: Allotriocarida
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Supercohort: Polyneoptera
Cohort: Anartioptera
Magnordo: Polyorthoptera
Superordo: Orthopterida
Ordo: Notoptera
Cladi: Neonotoptera
[list of cladi after Arillo & Engel (2006: 10, appendix 2, footnote a)]
Overview of subordines

Grylloblattodea – Mantophasmatodea
[list of subordines after Arillo & Engel (2006: 3, table 1)]
Overview of familiae

Grylloblattidae – Mantophasmatidae – †Blattogryllidae – †Tillyardembiidae
[list of familiae after Arillo & Engel (2006: 3, table 1)]
Name

Notoptera Crampton, 1915: 347
Synonyms

Xenonomia Terry & Whiting, 2005

References
Primary references

Crampton, G.C. 1915. The thoracic sclerites and the systematic position of Grylloblatta campodeiformis Walker, a remarkable annectant, “orthopteroid” insect. Entomological News 26(10): 337–350. BHL.
Terry, M.D. & Whiting, M.F. 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21(3): 240–257. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00062.x Open access. Reference page.

Additional references

Arillo, A. & Engel, M.S. 2006. Rock crawlers in Baltic amber (Notoptera: Mantophasmatodea). American Museum Novitates (3539): 1–10. DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3539[1:RCIBAN]2.0.CO;2 Open access. hdl: 2246/5817 Open access. BHL. OCLC: 76951389. S2CID: 86575516Open access. Wikidata: Q97683524. Reference page.
Engel, M.S. & Grimaldi, D.A. 2004. A new rock crawler in Baltic amber, with comments on the order (Mantophasmatodea: Mantophasmatidae). American Museum Novitates 3431: 1–11. DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)431<0001:ANRCIB>2.0.CO;2 Paywall. hdl: 2246/2796 Open access. BHL. Reference page.

Notoptera, also known as Xenonomia,[1] is a clade of insects belonging to Polyneoptera. It contains two living groups, Mantophasmatidae (gladiators) native to southern Africa, and Grylloblattidae (ice crawlers) native to cold montane environments in the Northern Hemisphere. Both groups are wingless.
History of research

The name was originally coined in 1915 for a group of fossil orthopteroids, and largely forgotten until it was resurrected and redefined ("Notoptera Crampton sensu novum") by Engel and Grimaldi in 2004 (after the discovery of living Mantophasmatidae), who recommended to give a single order that includes both the living and fossil representatives of the lineage.[2]

Terry and Whiting in 2005 independently proposed a new name, "Xenonomia", for the same lineage of insects (including the Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea, treated as orders).[3] The orders Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea are sometimes ranked as suborders of a single order, Notoptera.[4] Some authors consider this the valid name of the group.[1]
Evolutionary history

The earliest stem-representatives of the group had emerged by the Late Carboniferous, around 320 million years ago. Early members of the group, which unlike modern notopterans had wings, have been referred to as members of "Grylloblattida" and "Reculida", with their relationships to modern notopterans historically being the subject of controversy. Winged "grylloblattidans" reached their apex of diversity during the Permian (299-252 million years ago), where they represented up to a third of all insects at some localities.[1] The earliest mantophasmatids are known from the Middle Jurassic, around 160 million years ago.[5] No fossil record of modern grylloblattids is known, though the winged Aristovia known from the Burmese amber of Myanmar dating to the mid-Cretaceous around 100 million years ago, has mouthparts very similar to modern grylloblattids, indicating its close relationship to modern grylloblattids. Mantophasmatids and grylloblattids are thought to have lost their wings independently. Winged "grylloblattidans" declined in diversity and abundance from the Triassic onwards, with the youngest records of winged "grylloblattidans" dating to the Early-mid Cretaceous.[1]

See also

Grylloblattidae
Mantophasmatidae
Palaeocixiidae

Further reading

Ando H. 1982. Biology of the Notoptera. Kashiyo-Insatsu Co. Ltd., Nagano, Japan.

References

Cui, Yingying; Bardin, Jérémie; Wipfler, Benjamin; Demers‐Potvin, Alexandre; Bai, Ming; Tong, Yi‐Jie; Chen, Grace Nuoxi; Chen, Huarong; Zhao, Zhen‐Ya; Ren, Dong; Béthoux, Olivier (2024-03-07). "A winged relative of ice‐crawlers in amber bridges the cryptic extant Xenonomia and a rich fossil record". Insect Science. doi:10.1111/1744-7917.13338. ISSN 1672-9609.
Engel, Michael S.; Grimaldi, David A. (2004). "A New Rock Crawler in Baltic Amber, with Comments on the Order(Mantophasmatodea: Mantophasmatidae)". American Museum Novitates (3431). American Museum of Natural History (BioOne sponsored): 1–12. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2004)431<0001:anrcib>2.0.co;2. ISSN 0003-0082. S2CID 85653533.
Terry, Matthew D.; Whiting, Michael F. (2005). "Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects". Cladistics. 21 (3). Wiley: 240–257. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00062.x. ISSN 0748-3007. S2CID 86259809.
Arillo, A.; Engel, M.S. (2006). "Rock crawlers in Baltic amber (Notoptera: Mantophasmatodea)". American Museum Novitates (3539): 1–10. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3539[1:RCIBAN]2.0.CO;2.
Huang, Di-ying; Nel, André; Zompro, Oliver; Waller, Alain (2008-06-11). "Mantophasmatodea now in the Jurassic". Naturwissenschaften. 95 (10): 947–952. doi:10.1007/s00114-008-0412-x. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 18545982. S2CID 35408984.