Papilioninae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Cladus: Pancrustacea
Cladus: Allotriocarida
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Holometabola
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Amphiesmenoptera
Ordo: Lepidoptera
Subordo: Glossata
Cladus: Coelolepida
Cladus: Myoglossata
Cladus: Neolepidoptera
Infraordo: Heteroneura
Cladus: Eulepidoptera
Cladus: Ditrysia
Cladus: Apoditrysia
Cladus: Obtectomera
Superfamilia: Papilionoidea

Familia: Papilionidae
Subfamilia: Papilioninae
Tribus (4): Leptocircini - Papilionini - Teinopalpini - Troidini
Name

Papilioninae Latreille, [1802]
References

Allio, R., Scornavacca, C., Nabholz, B., Clamens, A.L., Sperling, F.A.H. & Condamine, F.L. 2020. Whole Genome Shotgun Phylogenomics Resolves the Pattern and Timing of Swallowtail Butterfly Evolution. Systematic Biology 69(1): 38–60. DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syz030. Reference page.
Condamine, F.L., Sperling, F.A.H., Wahlberg, N., Rasplus, J-Y. & Kergoat, G.J. 2012. What causes latitudinal gradients in species diversity? Evolutionary processes and ecological constraints on swallowtail biodiversity. Ecology Letters 15(3): 267–277. DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01737.x. Reference page.
Condamine, F.L., Sperling, F.A.H. & Kergoat, G.J. 2013. Global biogeographical pattern of swallowtail diversification demonstrates alternative colonization routes in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Journal of Biogeography 40(1): 9–23. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02787.x. Reference page.
Lamas, G. 2004. (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In Heppner, J.B. (ed.) Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol.5A, Pt.4A. Assn. for Tropical Lepidoptera/Scientific Publishers, Gainesville. 439pp. Reference page.
Simonsen, T.J., Zakharov, E.V., Djernaes, M., Cotton, A.M., Vane-Wright, R.I. & Sperling, F.A.H. 2011. Phylogenetics and divergence times of Papilioninae (Lepidoptera) with special reference to the enigmatic genera Teinopalpus and Meandrusa. Cladistics 27(2): 113–137. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00326.x Reference page.
Tsao, W.C. & W.B. Yeh, 2008: DNA-Based discrimination of subspecies of Swallowtail Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilioninae) from Taiwan. Zoological Studies 47 (5): 633–643. Full article: [1]

Vernacular names
日本語: アゲハチョウ亜科
中文: 鳳蝶亞科

Papilioninae is a subfamily of the butterfly family Papilionidae. Papilioninae are swallowtail butterflies and are found worldwide, but most species are distributed in the tropics and warmer regions. This subfamily was classified in 1895 by Rothschild and Jordan.[1]
Tribes

This subfamily consists of four tribes:[2]

Leptocircini
Papilionini
Troidini
Teinopalpini

Morphological characteristics

The shared morphological characteristics differentiating the papilioninae subfamily from others include

Scaling and Structure of antennae and legs[1]
Structure of palpi[1]
Wing venation, pattern, and pigmentation[1]
Dorsal bristles on males hind wing[3]
Basal Spur on front wing[3]
Larvae foodplant association[1]
Geographical Association[1]

Note that scaling, antennae structure, leg structure, and palpi structure are based mainly on specific genes that are specific to papilioninae (more information can be found in references).[1][3]
Food and habitat

Specific species food preferences change and expand based on availability and species ranges. Papilioninae can survive in majority of habitat types, including tropics, alpine, and even subarctic.[2]

Larvae hatch and remain on a host plant, called a food-plant, until their adult stage. Papilioninae feed on many host plants families that are within their range.[4] There is a very broad range of host plant preferences, which may be the reason this subfamily has been very evolutionarily successful.[2] More specialized feeding and plant preferences occur within species in more tropical regions with more plant diversity and availability.[4]
Geographical ranges

Species richness is greatest in more tropical regions. Food plant preferences and availability, as well as competition also impact the areas species inhabit.[4] However, species within this subfamily exist between the latitudes 70 and -40.[4] Richness is highest between the latitudes 10 and -20 with a drop in richness along the -10 degree latitude.[4] Presence differs depending on food availability and food plant availability for larvae.
External links

Taxon identifiers
Papilioninae

References

Munroe, Eugene (January 1960). "The Classification of the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera)". The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada. 92 (S17): 5–51. doi:10.4039/entm9217fv. ISSN 0071-075X.
Simonsen, Thomas J.; Zakharov, Evgeny V.; Djernaes, Marie; Cotton, Adam M.; Vane-Wright, R.I.; Sperling, Felix A.H. (April 2011). "Phylogenetics and divergence times of Papilioninae (Lepidoptera) with special reference to the enigmatic genera Teinopalpus and Meandrusa". Cladistics. 27 (2): 113–137. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00326.x. PMID 34875776.
Miller, James S. (1987). PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES IN THE PAPILIONINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE). AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.
Scriber, J. Mark (1973-01-01). "Latitudinal Gradients in Larval Feeding Specialization of the World Papilionidae (Lepidoptera)". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 80 (4): 355–373. doi:10.1155/1973/52610. ISSN 0033-2615.