Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Tyranni
Infraordo: Tyrannides
Parvordo: Thamnophilida
Familia: Thamnophilidae
Genus: Epinecrophylla
Species: E. amazonica – E. erythrura – E. fulviventris – E. gutturalis – E. haematonota – E. leucophthalma – E. ornata – E. spodionota
Name
Epinecrophylla Isler,ML & Brumfield, 2006
Typus: Formicivora haematonota P.L. Sclater, 1857 = Epinecrophylla haematonota
Epinecrophylla ornata
References
Primary references
Isler, M. L., D. R. Lacerda, P. R. Isler, S. J. Hackett, K. V. Rosenberg, and R. T. Brumfield. 2006. Epinecrophylla, a new genus of antwrens (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 119(4):522-527. DOI: 10.2988/0006-324X(2006)119[522:EANGOA]2.0.CO;2 Full article viewReference page.
Additional references
Whitney, B.M., Isler, M.L., Bravo, G.A., Aristizábal, N., Schunck, F., Silveira, L.F. & Piacentini, V.Q. 2013. A new species of Epinecrophylla antwren from the Aripuanã-Machado interfluvium in central Amazonian Brazil with revision of the "stipple-throated antwren" complex. In del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A., Sargatal, J., & Christie, A. (Eds), Handbook of the Birds of the World. Special Volume: New Species and Global Index. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 263–267. PDF. Reference page.
Isler, M.L. & Whitney, B.M.. 2018. Reevaluation of the taxonomic positions of members of the Epinecrophylla haematonota (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) antwren complex including E. fjeldsaai based on vocalizations. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 130(4): 908–914. DOI: 10.1676/17-097.1 Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Antwrens
español: Hormigueritos
português: Choquinhas
The stipplethroats are a South and Central American genus of passerine birds in the antbird family Thamnophilidae. They were previously included in the genus Myrmotherula as the "stipple-throated group".
Characteristics
Molecular studies show that the genus Myrmotherula as then defined was polyphyletic. The stipple-throated members form a clade that is not a sister clade to any of the remaining members, and the genus Epinecrophylla has been erected to accommodate them. The stipple-throated species have a black and white (or buffy-white) stippled throat in one or both of the sexes. They also have a relatively long, plain-coloured tail. That this clade is distinct from the remaining members of the Myrmotherula is reinforced by differences in song, foraging behaviour and nest-building.[1]
Ecology
Members of the genus Epinecrophylla tend to specialise in extracting insects and spiders from dangling clusters of dead leaves, foraging in this way for more than 75% of the time. While foraging they have stereotyped methods of manipulating the leaves with their beaks and feet; by way of contrast, members of Myrmotherula tend to hunt for prey on the surfaces of leaves, stems, twigs, mosses and vines, and none of those birds specialises in and manipulates dead leaves, although they do sometimes probe them with their beaks.[1] Another characteristic of Epinecrophylla seems to be the dome-shaped nest with side or oblique entrance; three of the species have this characteristic, while the nesting behaviours of the other members of the genus are not known.[1]
Species
The genus contains eight species:[2]
Checker-throated stipplethroat (Epinecrophylla fulviventris)
Brown-bellied stipplethroat (Epinecrophylla gutturalis)
White-eyed stipplethroat (Epinecrophylla leucophthalma)
Rufous-backed stipplethroat (Epinecrophylla haematonota)
Rio Madeira stipplethroat (Epinecrophylla amazonica)
Foothill stipplethroat (Epinecrophylla spodionota)
Ornate stipplethroat (Epinecrophylla ornata)
Rufous-tailed stipplethroat (Epinecrophylla erythrura)
References
Isler, M.L.; Lacerda, D.R.; Isler, P.R.; Hackett, S.J.; Rosenberg, K.V.; Brumfield, R.T. (2006). "Epinecrophylla, a new genus of antwrens (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 119 (4): 522–527. doi:10.2988/0006-324X(2006)119[522:EANGOA]2.0.CO;2.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Antbirds". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
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