Psychodidae

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Antliophora
Ordo: Diptera
Subordo: Nematocera
Infraordo: Psychodomorpha

Familia: Psychodidae
Subfamiliae (6): Bruchomyiinae - Horaiellinae - Phlebotominae - Psychodinae - Sycoracinae - Trichomyiinae
Overview of genera (121)

Alepia – Alloeodidicrum – Arisemus – Armillipora – Atrichobrunettia – Australopericoma – Balbagathis – Bazarella – Beasomia – Berdeniella – Bibio – Breviscapus – Bruchomyia – Brumptomyia – Brunettia – Bryopharsos – Caenobrunettia – Chinia – Chinius – Chirolepia – Clogmia – Clytocerus – Crenopanimerus – Cretapsychoda – Dictyocampsa – Didimioza – Dracomyia – Edentomyia – Elsahowia – Epacretron – Eremolobulosa – Eugenys – Eurygarka – Eutonnoiria – Evandromyia – Falsologima – Feuerborniella – Gerobrunettia – Gondwanoscurus – Horaiella – Hyrcanoressliella – Iranotelmatoscopus – Joostiella – Jungiella – Katamormia – Krivosheinoscopus – Kupara – Kvazbamormia – Lepidiella – Lepimormia – Lepipneumia – Libanophlebotomus – Libanopsychoda – Limomormia – Lobulosa – Logima – Lutzomyia – Lyoneura – Maruina – Mesophlebotomites – Micrommatos – Migonemyia – Mormia – Mormopericomiella – Mystropsychoda – Nemoneura – Nemopalpus – Neoarisemus – Neomaruina – Neotelmatoscopus – Nielseniella – Notiocharis – Nototelmatoscopus – Orgaoclogmia – Oscoreopus – Paleopsychoda – Pangeogladiella – Panimerus – Parajungiella – Paramormia – Parasetomima – Parasycorax – Paratelmatoscopus – Perakomyia – Pericoma – Peripsychoda – Philosepedon – Phlebotomus – Phyllotelmatoscopus – Platyplastinx – Pneumia – Promormia – Protopsychoda – Psychoda – Psychodocha – Queenslandomyia – Rotundopteryx – Saraiella – Satchelliella – Sergentomyia – Setomima – Stupkaiella – Sycorax – Szaboiella – Taramormia – Telmatoscopus – Theischingerus – Thornburghiella – Threticus – Thrysocanthus – Tonnoira – Tonnoiriella – Tonnoria – Trichomyia – Trichopsychoda – Ulomyia – Vagmania – Vaillantodes – Valerianna – Warileya – Yomormia

[source: Catalogue of Life: 2013 Annual Checklist, plus (4) Clogmia – Nototelmatoscopus – Oscoreopus – Perakomyia
]

Check (5): Dampfomyia – Didicrum – Psychodula – Quatiella – Satchellomyia
Name

Psychodidae

References

Bravo, F. & Araújo, M.X. 2013. Two new species of moth flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from the semi-arid region of Brazil. Zootaxa 3693(1): 85–90. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3693.1.6 Reference page.
Ibañez-Bernal, S., Muñoz, J., Rebollar-Téllez, E., Pech-May, A. & Marina, C.F. 2015. Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Chiapas collected near the Guatemala border, with additions to the fauna of Mexico and a new subgenus name. Zootaxa 3994(2): 151–186. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3994.2.1. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Kvifte, G.M. 2012: Catalogue and bibliography of Afrotropical Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae, Psychodinae, Sycoracinae and Trichomyiinae. Zootaxa, 3231: 29–52. Preview
Solórzano Kraemer, M.M. & Wagner, R. 2009. The first psychodid (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) species from the Lower Eocene amber of Vastan, Gujarat, India. Zootaxa 2152: 63–68. Abstract & excerpt PDF. Reference page.
Oliveira, A.F.J. de, Teles, C.B.G.T., Medeiros, J.F., Camargo, L.M.A. & Pessoa, F.A.C. 2015. Description of Trichophoromyia ruifreitasi, a new phlebotomine species (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Acre State, Brazilian Amazon. ZooKeys 526: 65–73. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.526.6128 Full article Reference page.
Omelková, M. & Ježek, J. 2017. Two new species of Jungiella (Diptera: Psychodidae: Psychodinae) from the Palaearctic Region. Zootaxa 4250(6): 560–576. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4250.6.4. Reference page.
Tkoč, M., Pecharová, M. & Ježek, J., 2014: Catalogue of the type specimens of Diptera deposited in the Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic. Moth flies (Psychodidae). Acta entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 54(2): 789-837. full article (pdf). Reference page.

Additional references

Afzan, H. & Belqat 2016. Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the Psychodinae moth-flies of North Africa (Diptera, Psychodidae). ZooKeys 558: 119–145. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.558.6593. Reference page.
Bejarano, E.E. & Estrada, L.G. 2016. FAMILY PSYCHODIDAE. In Wolff, M.I., Nihei, S.S. & Carvalho, C.J.B. de (eds.), Catalogue of Diptera of Colombia. Zootaxa 4122(1): 187–238. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.20. Reference page.
Ježek, J., Chvojka, P., Manko, P. & Oboňa, J. 2017. Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of moth flies from Ukraine (Diptera, Psychodidae). ZooKeys 693: 109—128. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.693.13652 Open access. Reference page.
Ježek, J., Manko, P. & Oboňa, J. 2018. Checklist of known moth flies and sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Armenia and Azerbaijan. ZooKeys 798: 109–133. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.798.26543 Open access. Reference page.
Ježek, J., Manko, P. & Oboňa, J. 2021. Psychodidae (Diptera) of Azerbaijan and Georgia – faunistics with biodiversity notes. Zookeys 1049: 15–42. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1049.66063 Open access Reference page.
Vivero, R.J., Bejarano, E.E., Estrada, L.G., Flórez, F., Ortega-Gómez, E., Aparicio, Y., Torres-Gutierrez, C., Uribe-Soto, S.I. & Muskus-López, C. 2017. DNA barcode for identification of immature stages of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) collected from natural breeding sites. Zootaxa 4277(2): 228–236. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4277.2.3. Reference page.
Wagner, R. 2018. Remarkable new Australian mothflies (Diptera, Psychodidae). Zootaxa 4457(2): 285–295. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4457.2.4 Paywall Reference page.

Vernacular names
English: Moth Flies and Sand Flies
suomi: Perhossääsket
日本語: チョウバエ科
norsk nynorsk: Sommarfuglmygg
中文: 蛾蚋科

Psychodidae, called drain flies, sink flies, filter flies,[2] sewer flies, or sewer gnats, is a family of true flies. Some genera have short, hairy bodies and wings giving them a "furry" moth-like appearance, hence one of their common names, moth flies.[2] Members of the sub-family Phlebotominae which are hematophagous (feed on blood) may be called sand flies in some countries, although this term is also used for other unrelated flies.

There are more than 2,600 described species worldwide, most of them native to the humid tropics. This makes them one of the most diverse families of their order.[3] Drain flies sometimes inhabit plumbing drains and sewage systems, where they are harmless, but may be a persistent annoyance.[4]

Life cycle
Live drain fly larvae
Datzia bispina holotype in Burmese amber

The larvae of the subfamilies Psychodinae, Sycoracinae and Horaiellinae live in aquatic to semi-terrestrial or sludge-based habitats, including bathroom sinks,[5] where they feed on bacteria and can become problematic. The larvae of the most commonly encountered species are nearly transparent with a non-retractable black head and can sometimes be seen moving along the moist edges of crevices in shower stalls or bathtubs or submerged in toilet water. The larval form of the moth fly is usually between 4 and 5 mm (0.16 and 0.20 in) long, and is shaped like a long, thin, somewhat flattened cylinder. The body lacks prolegs, but the body segments are divided into a series of rings called annuli (singular is annulus). Some of these rings will have characteristic plates on the dorsal side. The larval thorax is not significantly larger than its abdomen, giving it a more "worm-like" appearance than that of most aquatic insect larvae.

In some species, the larvae can secure themselves to surfaces of their environment using "attachment disks" on their ventral side. Like mosquito larvae, they cannot absorb oxygen through water, and instead breathe via a small dark tube (a spiracle) on their posterior end — they must regularly reach the surface to obtain oxygen. The larval stage lasts for between 9 and 15 days, depending on species, temperature, and environment. There are four instar stages.[4][6][7] In small numbers, the larvae are sometimes considered beneficial, as their strong jaws can cut through the hair and sludge waste in drains which might otherwise form clogs. However, unless this sludge layer is removed entirely, the adult flies will continue to find it and lay more eggs.

While the biting midges also have larvae that have no prolegs and which also have attachment disks, the larvae of the netwinged midges can be distinguished from those of the moth fly by the multiple deep lateral constrictions of the latter.[6]

The pupal stage lasts between 20 and 40 hours. During this stage, the insect does not feed, but stays submerged near the water surface, still breathing through a spiracle, and soon metamorphoses into an adult fly, which bursts through a seam in the pupal casing and emerges onto the water's surface.

The adults are half as long as the larvae, but are much broader in appearance, with a pair of hairy wings held pitched-roof-like over the body. The wings have the most elementary venation of any of the Diptera, having little more than a series of parallel veins without crossveins.
Psychodidae SEM top view
Psychodidae SEM rear view
Psychodidae SEM view from left
high resolution SEM image of Psychodidae (drain- or moth flies), front view
high resolution SEM image of Psychodidae (drain- or moth flies) whiskers segments
high resolution SEM image of Psychodidae (drain- or moth flies) leg

The adults are typically nocturnal, though they orient themselves around lights and may appear to be attracted to light and odors. They are erratic fliers, and are often seen walking or running rapidly as well as taking flight.[8] They are most active at night, but may also be seen during daylight, or near windows, lights, or illuminated display panels.[9]

The adults live for about 20 days, during which they will breed only once, often within hours of emerging from their pupal casings. Females will lay their eggs (between 30 and 100) just above the water line inside moist drains. Within 48 hours these eggs hatch into drain worms, the larval form.[10]
Health effects

The drain flies which are commonly found in bathrooms, Clogmia albipunctata, are not known to carry any human diseases, but have been known to be an opportunistic agent of myiasis. However, the subfamily of Phlebotominae does feed on blood with the ability to transmit (tropical) diseases, and Sycorax silacea can transmit microfilaria.[11] Inhalation of insect fragments may cause respiratory asthma.
Taxonomy
Notofairchildia zelandiae (previously in Nemapalpus)

This family has 7 subfamilies that contain more than 2600 described species.[12][13]

Horaiellinae Enderlein, 1937[14]
Horaiella Tonnoir, 1933[15]
†Protohoraiella Curler, Krzeminski & Skibinska, 2019[16]
Bruchomyiinae Alexander, 1921[17] - selected genera:
Alexanderia Wagner & Kvifte, 2018[18] (Oriental)
Boreofairchildia Wagner & Stuckenberg, 2016[19] (Americas)
Bruchomyia Alexander, 1921[17] (South America):
Eutonnoiria Alexander, 1940[20] (Central Africa)
Laurenceomyia Wagner & Stuckenberg, 2016[19] (South America)
Nemopalpus Macquart, 1838[21]
Notofairchildia Wagner & Stuckenberg, 2016[19]
†Hoffeinsodes Wagner, 2017 Baltic amber, Eocene
†Palaeoglaesum Wagner, 2017
Phlebotominae Róndani, 1840
Australophlebotomus Theodor, 1948
Bichromomyia Artemiev, 1991
Brumptomyia França & Parrot, 1921 (Mexico to South America)
Chinius Leng, 1985 (2 species: China, Thailand)
Dampfomyia Addis, 1945
†Datzia Stebner et al.2015 (Burmese amber, Cenomanian)
Deanemyia Galati, 1995[22]
Evandromyia Mangabeira, 1941[23]
Edentomyia Galati, Andrade-Filho, da Silva & Falcão, 2003 (Brazil)
Expapillata Galati, 1995[22]
Hertigia Fairchild, 1949
Idiophlebotomus Quate & Fairchild, 1961
†Libanophlebotomus Azar et al. 1999[24] Lebanese amber, Barremian
Lutzomyia França, 1924 (North and South America)
†Mandalayia Stebner et al.2015 (Burmese amber, Cenomanian)
Martinsmyia Galati, 1995[22]
†Mesophlebotomites Azar et al. 1999[24] Lebanese amber, Barremian
Micropygomyia Barretto, 1962[25]
Migonemyia Galati, 1995[22]
Nyssomyia Barretto, 1962[25]
Oligodontomyia Galati, 1995[22]
†Palaeomyia Poinar 2004 Burmese amber, Albian [26]
†Phlebotomites Stebner et al.2015 Lebanese amber, Barremian, Burmese amber, Cenomanian
†Phlebotoiella Solórzano Kraemer and Wagner 2009 Cambay amber, India, Eocene
Phlebotomus Róndani& Berté, 1840 (Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia)
Pintomyia Costa Lima, 1932
Pressatia Mangabeira, 1942[27]
†Protopsychodinae Stebner et al.2015
†Protopsychoda Azar et al. 1999[24] Lebanese amber, Barremian
Psathyromyia Barretto, 1962[25]
Psychodopygus Mangabeira, 1941[28]
Sciopemyia Barretto, 1962[25]
Sergentomyia França & Parrot, 1920 (Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia)
Trichophoromyia Barretto, 1962[25]
Viannamyia Mangabeira, 1941[29]
Warileya Hertig, 1948 (Central and South America)
†Protopsychodinae Stebner et al.2015
†Datzia Stebner et al.2015 (Burmese amber, Cenomanian)
†Mandalayia Stebner et al.2015 (Burmese amber, Cenomanian)
†Protopsychoda Azar et al. 1999[24] Lebanese amber, Barremian
Psychodinae Newman, 1834[1]
Abcharis Tkoc and Jezek, 2013 (= Notiocharis Eaton, 1913, preoccupied) (Australia)
Alloeodidicrum Duckhouse, 1990 (Australia)
Arisemus Satchell, 1955
Atrichobrunettia Satchell, 1953
Australopericoma Vaillant, 1975
Balbagathis Quate, 1996
Bazarella Vaillant, 1961
Berdeniella Vaillant, 1976
Boreoclytocerus Duckhouse, 1978
Breviscapus Quate, 1955[30]
Brunettia Annandale, 1910
Clogmia Enderlein, 1937[14]
Clytocerus Eaton, 1904
Didicrum Enderlein, 1937[14]
Epacretron Quate, 1965
Eremolobulosa Duckhouse, 1990 (Australia)
Eurygarka Quate, 1959
Feuerborniella Vaillant, 1974
Gerobrunettia Quate & Quate, 1967
Lepimormia Enderlein, 1937[14]
Lepidiella Enderlein, 1937[14]
Lobulosa Szabo, 1960
Maruina Müller, 1895 (Americas)
†Matuna Stebner and Solórzano Kraemer 2014 Mexican amber, Miocene
†Megapsychoda Azar and Nel 2002 Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian
Mormia Enderlein, 1937[14]
Neoarisemus Botosaneanu & Vaillant, 1970
†Paleopsychoda Azar et al. 1999[24] Lebanese amber, Barremian, Jordanian amber, Albian, Taimyr amber, Russia, Albian
Panimerus Eaton, 1913
†Paralibanopsychoda Azar and Nel 2002 Lebanese amber, Barremian
Paramormia Enderlein, 1937[14]
Parasetomima Duckhouse, 1968 (South America)
Paratelmatoscopus Satchell, 1953 (Australia)
Pericoma Haliday, in Walker, 1856
Peripsychoda Enderlein, 1937[14]
Philosepedon Eaton, 1904 (Europe, North and Central America)
Pneumia Enderlein, 1937[14] (= Satchelliella Vaillant, 1979)
Psychoda Latreille, 1796
Rotundopteryx Duckhouse, 1990 (Australia)
Saraiella Vaillant, 1981
Setomima Enderlein, 1937[14]
Stupkaiella Vaillant, 1973
†Succinarisemus Wagner, 2002 Mexican amber, Dominican amber, Miocene
Szaboiella Vaillant, 1979
Telmatoscopus Eaton, 1904
Thornburghiella Vaillant, 1982
Threticus Eaton, 1904
Tinearia Schellenberg, 1803
Tonnoiriella Vaillant, 1982
Trichopsychoda Tonnoir, 1922
Ulomyia Walker, 1856 (= Saccopterix Haliday, in Curtis, 1839, preoccupied)
Vaillantodes Wagner, 2002 ( = Vaillantia Wagner, 1993, preoccupied)
†Wightipsychoda Azar 2019 Bembridge Marls, United Kingdom, Priabonian
Sycoracinae Jung, 1954
Aposycorax Duckhouse, 1972
†Palaeoparasycorax Stebner et al.2015 (Burmese amber, Cenomanian)
Parasycorax Duckhouse, 1972
Sycorax Haliday, in Curtis, 1839
Trichomyiinae Tonnoir, 1922
†Axenotrichomyia Azar et al. 2015 Burmese amber, Cenomanian
†Eatonisca Meunier, 1905 Baltic, Bitterfeld amber, Eocene
†Eotrichomyia Meunier Oise amber, France Ypresian
Trichomyia Haliday, in Curtis, 1839
†Xenotrichomyia Azar et al. 2015 New Jersey amber, Turonian
Incertae sedis
†Bamara Stebner et al.2015 Burmese amber, Cenomanian
†Cretapsychoda Azar et al. 1999[24] Lebanese amber, Barremian
†Eochaoborites Hong, 2002 Fushun amber, China, Ypresian
†Eophlebotomus Cockerell, 1920 Lebanese amber, Barremian, Charentese amber, France, Cenomanian, Burmese amber, Cenomanian
†Liassopsychodina Ansorge, 1994 Green Series, Germany, Toarcian
†Libanopsychoda Azar et al. 1999[24] Lebanese amber, Barremian
†Mesopsychoda Brauer et al., 1889 Cheremkhovskaya Formation, Russia, Toarcian
†Protopsychoda Azar et al. 1999[24] Lebanese amber, Barremian
†Tanypsycha Ansorge, 1994 Green Series, Germany, Toarcian
†Triassopsychoda Blagoderov and Grimaldi. 2007 Cow Branch Formation, North Carolina, Norian
†Xenopsychoda Azar and Ziadé, 2005 Lebanese amber, Barremian

Mandalayia beumersorum
See also

Fungus gnat
Trichomyia lengleti

References

Newman, E. (1834). "Attempted division of British insects into natural orders". The Entomological Magazine. 2: 379–431. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
"Moth Flies in the Home (Department of Entomology)". Department of Entomology (Penn State University).
Quate LW, Vockeroth JR. Psychodidae. In: McAlpine JF, Peterson BV, Shewell GE, Teskey HJ, Vockeroth JR, Wood DM, eds. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monograph 27; 1981:293–300.
Javier Oscoz; David Galicia; Rafael Miranda (27 June 2011). Identification Guide of Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Spain. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 138. ISBN 978-94-007-1554-7.
"How to get rid of drain flies". Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
W. Patrick McCafferty (January 1983). Aquatic Entomology: The Fishermen's and Ecologists' Illustrated Guide to Insects and Their Relatives. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-86720-017-1.
Denny Schrock (31 January 2004). Ortho home gardener's problem solver. Meredith Books. ISBN 978-0-89721-504-6. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
Townsend, Lee. "Drain Flies or Moth Flies". Entomology at the University of Kentucky. University of Kentucky. Retrieved 2017-06-21.
"Get Rid Of Drain Flies | Drain Fly Control Treatment". Do It Yourself Pest Control. Retrieved 2017-06-21.
Drain Fly Life Circle
Schulz-Stübner, Sebastian, et al. "Psychodidae (Drain Fly) Infestation in an Operating Room." Infection control and hospital epidemiology 36.3 (2015): 366-367.
Quate, L.W. & B.V. Brown. 2004. Revision of Neotropical Setomimini (Diptera: Psychodidae: Psychodinae). Contributions in Science, 500: 1-117.
Stebner, F.; Solórzano Kraemer, M. M.; Ibáñez-Bernal, S.; Wagner, R. (2015). "Moth flies and sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Cretaceous Burmese amber". PeerJ. 3: e1254. doi:10.7717/peerj.1254. PMC 4579024. PMID 26401462.
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Tonnoir, A.L. (1933). "Descriptions of remarkable Indian Psychodidae and their early stages, with a theory of the evolution of the ventral suckers of dipterous larvae". Records of the Indian Museum. 35: 53–75. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
Curler, G.R.; Krzeminski, W.; Skibinska, K. (2019). "The first record of fossil Horaiellinae (Diptera: Psychodidae) from mid-Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar". Cretaceous Research. 98 (305–315).
Alexander, C.P. . (1921). "A new subfamily of tanyderid flies (Diptera)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 13[1920]: 402–407. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
Polseela, Raxsina; Wagner, Rüdiger; Kvifte, Gunnar Mikalsen; Rulik, Björn; Apiwathnasorn, Chamnarn (2018). "Revision of Bruchomyiinae (Diptera, Psychodidae) of the Oriental Region, with description of a new genus and species and discussion of putative male/female antagonistic coevolution". Insect Systematics & Evolution. 50 (1): 67–82.
Wagner, Rüdiger; Stuckenberg, Brian (2016-03-16). "Cladistic analysis of Subfamily Bruchomyiinae (Diptera: Psychodidae)". Zootaxa. 4092 (2): 151–174. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4092.2.1. PMID 27394447.
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Azar, D.; Nel, A.; Solignac, M.; Paicheler, J.-C.; Bouchet, F. (1999). "New genera and species of psychodoid flies from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon". Palaeontology. 42: 1101–1136.
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Poinar Jr, George. "Palaeomyia burmitis gen. n., sp. n.(Phlebotominidae: Diptera) a new genus of Cretaceous sandflies with evidence of blood sucking habits". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington.
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Mangabeira, O. (1941). "4a contribuição ao estudo dos Flebotomus. Psychodopygus n. subg. (Diptera: Psychodidae)". Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 36 (3): 237–250.
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Quate, L.W. (1955). "A revision of the Psychodidae (Diptera) in America north of Mexico". University of California Publications in Entomology. 10: 103–273.