Fine Art

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Cladus: Pancrustacea
Cladus: Allotriocarida
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Holometabola
Superordo: Hymenopterida
Ordo: Hymenoptera
Subordo: Apocrita
Infraordines: (5) Apomorpha – Chalcidomorpha – Formicomorpha – Ichneumonomorpha – Vespomorpha
Superfamiliae (20 + 3†): ApoideaCeraphronoideaChalcidoideaChrysidoideaCynipoideaDiaprioideaEvanioideaFormicoideaIchneumonoideaMegalyroideaMymarommatoideaPlatygastroideaPompiloideaProctotrupoideaScolioideaStephanoideaThynnoideaTiphioideaTrigonaloideaVespoidea – †Bethylonymoidea – †Ephialtitoidea – †Serphitoidea
Overview of familiae

Extant groups (78): AgaonidaeAmpulicidaeAndrenidaeAphelinidaeApidaeAulacidaeAustrocynipidaeAustroniidaeBethylidaeBraconidae – Bradynobaenidae – CeraphronidaeChalcididaeChrysididaeChyphotidaeColletidaeCrabronidaeCynipidaeDiapriidaeDryinidaeEmbolemidaeEncyrtidaeEucharitidaeEulophidaeEupelmidaeEurytomidaeEvaniidaeFigitidaeFormicidaeGasteruptiidaeHalictidae – Heloridae – HeterogynaidaeIbaliidaeIchneumonidae – Khutelchalcididae – LeucospidaeLiopteridae – Maamingidae – Megachilidae – Megalyridae – MegaspilidaeMelittidae – Monomachidae – Mutillidae – Mymaridae – Mymarommatidae – Myrmosidae – Ormyridae – Pelecinidae – Peradeniidae – Perilampidae – Platygastridae – PlumariidaePompilidae – Proctorenyxidae – Proctotrupidae – PteromalidaeRhopalosomatidae – Roproniidae – Rotoitidae – Sapygidae – SclerogibbidaeScolebythidaeScoliidae – Sierolomorphidae – Signiphoridae – SphecidaeStephanidaeTanaostigmatidaeTetracampidaeThynnidaeTiphiidaeTorymidaeTrichogrammatidaeTrigonalidae – Vanhorniidae – Vespidae

Fossil groups:
Name

Apocrita Gerstaecker, 1867: 1
References
Primary references

Gerstaecker, C.E.A. 1867. Ueber die Gattung Oxybelus Latr. und die bei Berlin vorkommenden Arten derselben. Zeitschrift für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften 30(7): 1–144. (in German). BHL.

Additional references

Aguiar, A.P., Deans, A.R., Engel, M.S., Forshage, M., Huber, J.T., Jennings, J.T., Johnson, N.F., Lelej, A.S., Longino, J.T., Lohrmann, V., Mikó, I., Ohl, M., Rasmussen, C., Taeger, A. & Yu, D.S.K. 2013. Order Hymenoptera. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) 2013. Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703(1): 51–62. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12 Open access Reference page.
Gadallah, N.S. & Brothers, D.J. 2020. Biodiversity of the aculeate wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of the Arabian Peninsula: Overview. Pp 8–16 In Gadallah, N.S., Brothers, D.J. & Williams, K.A., eds. Biodiversity of the aculeate wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of the Arabian Peninsula. Zootaxa 1-216. Reference page. . Zootaxa 4754(1): 8–16. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4754.1.4 Paywall Reference page.
Pilgrim, E.M., von Dohlen, C.D. & Pitts, J.P. 2008. Molecular phylogenetics of Vespoidea indicate paraphyly of the superfamily and novel relationships of its component families and subfamilies. Zoologica Scripta 37(5): 539–560. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00340.x Paywall. Reference page.
Proshchalykin, M.Yu., Fateryga, A.V. & Astafurova, Yu.V. 2023. Corrections and additions to the catalogue of the bees (Hymenoptera, Anthophila) of Russia. ZooKeys 1187: 301-339. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1187.113240 Open access Reference page.
Rasmussen, C.; Asenjo, A. 2009: A checklist to the wasps of Peru (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). ZooKeys, 15: 1–78. Abstract PDF
Schmid-Egger, C., Schmidt, S. & Bogusch, P. 2024. DNA Barcoding of Central European Gasteruptiidae and the rarely-collected families Evaniidae, Stephanidae, Trigonalidae, and Aulacidae (Hymenoptera, Apocrita). ZooKeys 1189: 275–286. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1189.114478 Open access Reference page.
Sharkey, M.J. 2007: Phylogeny and classification of Hymenoptera. Pp. 521-548 in: Zhang, Z.-Q. & Shear, W.A. (Eds) Linnaeus tercentenary: progress in invertebrate taxonomy. Zootaxa, 1668: 1–766. PDF
Whitfield, J.B. 1992: Phylogeny of the non-aculeate Apocrita and the evolution of parasitism in the Hymenoptera. Journal of Hymenoptera research, 1: 3–14. PDF

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Taillenwespen
English: Narrow-waisted hymenopterans
eesti: Rippkehalised
suomi: Hoikkatyviset
français: Apocrites
magyar: Fullánkosdarázs-alkatúak, szúródarazsak
日本語: ハチ亜目 (細腰亜目)
lietuvių: Smaugtapilviai
latviešu: Iežmauglapsenes
polski: Trzonówki
русский: Стебельчатобрюхие
中文: 細腰亞目

Apocrita is a suborder of insects in the order Hymenoptera. It includes wasps, bees, and ants, and consists of many families. It contains the most advanced hymenopterans and is distinguished from Symphyta by the narrow "waist" (petiole) formed between the first two segments of the actual abdomen; the first abdominal segment is fused to the thorax, and is called the propodeum. Therefore, it is general practice, when discussing the body of an apocritan in a technical sense, to refer to the mesosoma and metasoma (or gaster) rather than the "thorax" and "abdomen", respectively. The evolution of a constricted waist was an important adaption for the parasitoid lifestyle of the ancestral apocritan, allowing more maneuverability of the female's ovipositor.[2] The ovipositor either extends freely or is retracted, and may be developed into a stinger for both defense and paralyzing prey. Larvae are legless and blind, and either feed inside a host (plant or animal) or in a nest cell provisioned by their mothers.

Apocrita has historically been split into two groups, Parasitica and Aculeata. Aculeata is a clade whose name is in standard use. "Parasitica" is not a clade, as it is paraphyletic: the clade would contain the Aculeata. "Parasitica" is therefore a rankless grouping in many present classifications, if it appears at all.

Parasitica comprises the majority of hymenopteran insects, its members living as parasitoids.[3][4] Most species are small, with the ovipositor adapted for piercing. In some hosts, the parasitoids induce metamorphosis prematurely, and in others it is prolonged. There are even species that are hyperparasites, or parasitoids on other parasitoids.[5] The Parasitica lay their eggs inside or on another insect (egg, larva or pupa) and their larvae grow and develop within or on that host. The host is nearly always killed. Many parasitic hymenopterans are used as biological control agents to control pests, such as caterpillars, true bugs and hoppers, flies, and weevils.[6]

Aculeata is a monophyletic group that includes those species in which the female's ovipositor is modified into a stinger to inject venom. Groups within Aculeata include the familiar ants, bees, and various types of parasitic and predatory wasps; it also includes all of the social hymenopterans.[7] Among the nonparasitic and nonsocial Aculeata, larvae are fed with captured prey (typically alive and paralyzed) or may be fed pollen and nectar. The social Aculeata feed their young prey (paper wasps and hornets), or pollen and nectar (bees), or perhaps seeds, fungi, or nonviable eggs (ants).
Extant families and superfamilies

The Apocrita contains a large number of families. Some traditional taxa such as the Parasitica (containing many families of parasitoid wasps) have been found on molecular analysis to be paraphyletic. Parasitoidism evolved once, and it is found today across most Apocritan families, though it has been secondarily lost several times. The phylogenetic tree gives a condensed overview of the phylogeny, illustrated with major groups. The sawflies are paraphyletic as the Apocrita evolved inside that group. The tree is not fully resolved.[7][8][9][3]

Cladogram of Apocrita after Peters et al.(2017)[3]

Apocrita
Parasitoida

Ceraphronoidea

Ichneumonoidea

Proctotrupomorpha

Cynipoidea

Platygastroidea

Chalcidoidea

Diaprioidea

Proctotrupoidea

Evanioidea

Stephanoidea

Trigonaloidea

Aculeata

Chrysidoidea

Vespoidea (potter, honey and social wasps)

Pompiloidea (velvet ants, spider wasps and relatives)

Thynnoidea

Tiphioidea

Scolioidea

Formicoidea (ants)

Apoidea

Ampulicidae

Sphecidae

"Crabronidae" (digger wasps)

Anthophila (bees)

Suborder Apocrita
Infraorder Aculeata
Superfamily Apoidea (bees and sphecoid wasps)
Family Ampulicidae (cockroach wasps)
Family Andrenidae (mining bees)
Family Apidae (carpenter bees, digger bees, cuckoo bees, bumble bees, orchid bees, stingless bees, and honeybees)
Family Colletidae (yellow-faced bees and plasterer bees)
Family Crabronidae (sand wasps, bee wolves, etc.)
Family Halictidae ("sweat bees")
Family Heterogynaidae
Family Megachilidae (leaf-cutting bees)
Family Melittidae
Family Stenotritidae
Family Sphecidae (digger wasps)
Superfamily Chrysidoidea
Family Bethylidae
Family Chrysididae (cuckoo wasps)
Family Dryinidae
Family Embolemidae
Family Plumariidae
Family Sclerogibbidae
Family Scolebythidae
Superfamily Formicoidea
Family Formicidae (ants)
Superfamily Pompiloidea
Family Mutillidae (velvet ants)
Family Myrmosidae
Family Pompilidae (spider wasps)
Family Sapygidae
Superfamily Scolioidea
Family Scoliidae
Superfamily Tiphioidea
Family Bradynobaenidae
Family Sierolomorphidae
Family Tiphiidae
Superfamily Thynoidea
Family Chyphotidae
Family Thynnidae
Superfamily Vespoidea
Family Rhopalosomatidae
Family Vespidae (paper wasps, potter wasps, hornets, pollen wasps, yellowjackets)
Proctotrupomorpha
Superfamily Chalcidoidea
Family Agaonidae (fig wasps)
Family Aphelinidae
Family Chalcididae (chalcid wasps)
Family Encyrtidae
Family Eucharitidae
Family Eulophidae
Family Eupelmidae
Family Eurytomidae (seed chalcids)
Family Leucospidae
Family Mymaridae (fairyflies) – the smallest of all insects
Family Ormyridae
Family Perilampidae
Family Pteromalidae
Family Rotoitidae
Family Signiphoridae
Family Tanaostigmatidae
Family Tetracampidae
Family Torymidae
Family Trichogrammatidae
Superfamily Cynipoidea
Family Austrocynipidae
Family Cynipidae (gall wasps)
Family Figitidae
Family Ibaliidae
Family Liopteridae
Superfamily Diaprioidea
Family Austroniidae
Family Diapriidae
Family Maamingidae
Family Monomachidae
Superfamily Mymarommatoidea
Family Mymarommatidae
Superfamily Platygastroidea
Family Geoscelionidae
Family Janzenellidae
Family Neuroscelionidae
Family Nixoniidae
Family Platygastridae
Family †Proterosceliopsidae
Family Scelionidae
Family Sparasionidae
Superfamily Proctotrupoidea
Family Heloridae
Family Pelecinidae
Family Peradeniidae
Family Proctorenyxidae
Family Proctotrupidae
Family Roproniidae
Family Vanhorniidae
Superfamily Stephanoidea
Family Stephanidae
Superfamily Trigonaloidea
Family †Maimetshidae
Family Trigonalidae
Superfamily Ceraphronoidea
Family Ceraphronidae
Family Megaspilidae
Superfamily Evanioidea
Family Aulacidae
Family Evaniidae (ensign wasps)
Family Gasteruptiidae
Superfamily Ichneumonoidea
Family Braconidae
Family Ichneumonidae (ichneumon wasps)
Superfamily Megalyroidea
Family Megalyridae

References

Gerstaecker, C.E.A. (1867). "Ueber die Gattung Oxybelus Latr. und die bei Berlin vorkommenden Arten derselben". Zeitschrift für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften (in German). 30 (7): 1–144.
Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S. (2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. p. 414. ISBN 978-0-521-82149-0.
Peters, Ralph S.; Krogmann, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Donath, Alexander; Gunkel, Simon; Meusemann, Karen; Kozlov, Alexey; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Petersen, Malte (2017). "Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera". Current Biology. 27 (7): 1013–1018. Bibcode:2017CBio...27.1013P. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027. hdl:2434/801122. PMID 28343967.
Heraty, John; Ronquist, Fredrik; Carpenter, James M.; Hawks, David; Schulmeister, Susanne; Dowling, Ashley P.; Murray, Debra; Munro, James; Wheeler, Ward C. (2011). "Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 60 (1): 73–88. Bibcode:2011MolPE..60...73H. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.003. PMID 21540117.
Sullivan, Daniel J. (2009). "Hyperparasitism". Encyclopedia of Insects. Elsevier. pp. 486–488. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374144-8.00138-7. ISBN 978-0-12-374144-8.
"Parasitoid Wasps (Hymenoptera)". University of Maryland. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
Branstetter, Michael G.; Danforth, Bryan N.; Pitts, James P.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Ward, Philip S.; Buffington, Matthew L.; Gates, Michael W.; Kula, Robert R.; Brady, Seán G. (2017). "Phylogenomic Insights into the Evolution of Stinging Wasps and the Origins of Ants and Bees". Current Biology. 27 (7): 1019–1025. Bibcode:2017CBio...27.1019B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.027. PMID 28376325.
Schulmeister, S. (2003). "Simultaneous analysis of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta), introducing robust-choice sensitivity analysis". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 79 (2): 245–275. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00233.x.
Schulmeister, S. "Symphyta". Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2016.

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