Chrysididae

Chrysididae sp.

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Hymenopterida
Ordo: Hymenoptera
Subordo: Apocrita
Superfamilia: Chrysidoidea

Familia: Chrysididae
Subfamiliae: Allocoeliinae – Amiseginae – Cleptinae – Chrysidinae – Elampinae – Loboscelidiinae – Parnopinae
Overview of genera

Adelopyga – Adelphe – Afrosega – Alieniscus – Allochrysis – Allocoelia – Amisega – Anachrysis – Anadelphe – Argochrysis – Atoposega – Baeosega – Bupon – Caenochrysis – Cephaloparnops – Ceratochrysis – Chrysellampus – Chrysis – Chrysura – Chrysurissa – Cladobethylus – Cleptes – Cleptidea – Colocar – Diplorrhos – Duckeia – Elampus – Eochrysis – Euchroeus – Exallopyga – Exochrysis – Exopapua – Exova – Gaullea – Haba – Hedychreides – Hedychridium – Hedychrum – Holophris – Holophris – Holopyga – Imasega – Indothrix – Ipsiura – Isadelphia – Isegama – Istiochrysis – Kimseya – Kryptosega – Leptopareia – Leptosega – Loboscelidia – Magdalium – Mahinda – Microchridium – Microsega – Minymischa – Muesebeckidium – Myrmecomimesis – Neochrysis – Nesogyne – Nipponosega – Obenbergerella – Odontochrydium – Oligogaster – Omalus – Parachrum – Parnopes – Pentachrysis – Perissosega – Philoctetes – Pleurochrysis – Praestochrysis – Primeuchroeus – Prochridium – Pseudolopyga – Pseudomalus – Pseudospinolia – Reidia – Rhadinoscelidia – Rohweria – Saltasega – Serendibula – Spinolia – Spintharina – Spintharosoma – Stilbichrysis – Stilbum – Trichrysis – Xerochrum
Name

Chrysididae Latreille, 1802

References

Latreille, P.A. 1802. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes. Ouvrage faisant suite à l’histoire naturelle générale et particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon, et rédigée par C.S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes. Familles naturelles des genres. Tome troisième. F. Dufart, Paris, xii + pp. 13–467 + [1 (errata)]. BHL Reference page.
Doweld, A.B. 2015. Eochrysis, a new replacement name for the fossil Protochrysis Bischoff, 1916 (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) nec Pascher, 1911 (Protista: Cryptomonada). Zootaxa 4058(4): 589–590. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4058.4.9. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Kimsey, L.S., Bohart, R.M. 1990. The chrysidid wasps of the World. Oxford University Press: New York. ISBN 0-19-854010-8
Li, S-S. & Xu, Z-F. 2016. Kryptosega Kimsey, 1986 (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) is newly recorded genus from Oriental Region, with description of one new species. Zootaxa 4121(1): 73–76. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4121.1.5. Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Li, S-S. & Xu, Z-F. 2016. Indothrix Krombein, 1957 (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) newly recorded genus from China, with description of one new species. Zootaxa 4147(1): 75–81. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4147.1.5. Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Lucena, D. & Gomes, R.S. 2016. New species of Elampus Spinola, 1806 (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with a key to the Neotropical species of the genus. Zootaxa 4117(4): 555–566. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4117.4.7. Reference page.
Lucena, D.A.A., Kimsey, Lynn S. & Almeida, E.A.B. 2016. The Neotropical cuckoo wasp genus Ipsiura Linsenmaier, 1959 (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae): revision of the species occurring in Brazil. Zootaxa 4165(1): 1–71. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4165.1.1 Reference page.
Paukkunen, J. et al. 2014. Faunistic review of the cuckoo wasps of Fennoscandia, Denmark and the Baltic countries (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae). Zootaxa 3864(1): 1–67. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3864.1.1 Reference page.
Rosa, P. 2018. Review of Odontochrydium Brauns (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) with description of two species from the Palaearctic and Oriental regions. Zootaxa 4450(4): 445–457. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.4.3 Open access PDF Reference page.
Rosa, P., Antropov, A.V. & Xu, Z-F. 2015. A catalogue of the Chrysididae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) types deposited in the Zoological Museum, Moscow Lomonosov State University, Russia. Zootaxa 3990(1): 1–31. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3990.1.1 Preview (PDF). Reference page.
Rosa, P., Bernasconi, M.V. & Wyniger, D. 2015. The Linsenmaier Chrysididae collection housed in the Natur-Museum Luzern (Switzerland) and the main results of the related GBIF Hymenoptera Project (Insecta). Zootaxa 3986(5): 501–548. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3986.5.1. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Rosa, P., Feng, J. & Xu, Z-F. 2016. Istiochrysis gen. nov., a new chrysidid genus from Oriental China (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae). Zootaxa 4111(5): 591–597. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4111.5.5. Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Rosa, P., Proshchalykin, M.Yu. & Halada, M. 2021. Additions to the cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) of Mongolia, with description of eleven new species. Zookeys 1068ː 149–187. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1068.73549 Open access Reference page.
Rosa, P., Vas, Z. & Xu, Z-F. 2017. The Palaearctic types of Chrysididae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest. Zootaxa 4252(1): 1–130. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4252.1.1. Full article (PDF); ISBN 978-1-77670-118-6 (paperback); ISBN 978-1-77670-119-3 (Online edition) Reference page.
Rosa, P., Wei, N-S. & Xu, Z-F. 2015. Revalidation of genus Chrysellampus Semenov, 1932, with description of two new species from China (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae). Zootaxa 4034(1): 148–160. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4034.1.7. Preview (PDF) Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Rosa, P., Wei, N-S., Notton, D.G. & Xu, Z-F. 2015. The genus Philoctetes Abeille de Perrin, 1879 from China, with description of two new species (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae). Zootaxa 4040(4): 443–444. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4040.4.3. Preview (PDF). Full article (PDF). Reference page.
Rosa, P., Wei, N., Notton, D.G. & Xu, Z-F. 2016. Revision of the Oriental genus Holophris Mocsáry, 1890 and description of the genus Leptopareia Rosa & Xu, gen. nov. (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae). Zootaxa 4083(2): 201–220. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.2.2.Reference page.
Rosa, P. & Xu, Z-F. 2015. Contribution to the genus Chrysidea Bischoff, 1913 from China, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae). Zootaxa 4040(4): 465–468. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4040.4.6. Preview (PDF) Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Rosa, P.; Lotfalizadeh, H.; Pourrafei, L. 2013: First checklist of the chrysidid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) of Iran. Zootaxa 3700(1): 1–47. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3700.1.1 Reference page.
Soliman, A.M.; Kimsey, L.S. 2013: Oligogaster gen. nov., a new chrysidid genus from Egypt (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae, Elampini). Zootaxa 3681(2): 197–200. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.2.11 Reference page.
Strumia, F.; Gayubo, S.F. 2013: To the knowledge of cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) of the Balearic Archipelago, Spain. Zootaxa 3694(5): 471–485. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3694.5.5 Reference page.

Links

Chrysididae – Taxon details on BugGuide.
http://www.chrysis.net [1]
https://web.archive.org/web/20151218174242/http://www.chrysis.net/forum/ [2]
http://www.discoverlife.org [3]
https://web.archive.org/web/20151214174055/http://www.waspweb.org/ [4]

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Goldwespen
dk: Guldhvespe
eʋegbe: Kuldherilased
English: Cuckoo wasps, gold wasps, ruby tailed wasps, chrysidids
español: Avispas doradas, avispas ladronas, avispas cuco, chrysìdidos
suomi: Kultapistiäiset, kultiaiset
français: Guêpes dorèes, guêpes de feu, guêpes coucou, chrysidès
magyar: Fémdarazsak
italiano: Vespe dorate, vespe cuculo, crisidi
latviešu: Krāšnlapsenes
Nederlands: Goudwespen
norsk: Gullveps
polski: Zlotolitki
русский: Осы-блестянки [Osy-blestyanki], блестянки [blestyanki]
davvisámegiella: Guldsteklar
українська: оси-блискітки [Osy-blyskytky]

Commonly known as cuckoo wasps or emerald wasps, the hymenopteran family Chrysididae is a very large cosmopolitan group (over 3000 described species) of parasitoid or kleptoparasitic wasps, often highly sculptured,[1] with brilliant metallic colors created by structural coloration.[2] They are most diverse in desert regions of the world, as they are typically associated with solitary bee and wasp species, which are also most diverse in such areas. Their brood parasitic lifestyle has led to the evolution of fascinating adaptations, including chemical mimicry of host odours by some species.[3]

Nomenclature
Chrysura refulgens

The term "cuckoo wasp" refers to the cuckoo-like way in which wasps in the family lay eggs in the nests of unrelated host species.[1] The term is also used for some wasps outside of the family, such as Sapyga louisi.[4]

Chrysididae, the scientific name of the family, refers to their shiny bodies and is derived from Greek chrysis, chrysid-, "gold vessel, gold-embroidered dress", plus the familial suffix -idae. The common names of many species pay similar tribute to their appearance: jewel wasp, gold wasp, emerald wasp, ruby wasp and so on (cf. French guêpe de feu, "fire-wasp", and German / Dutch Goldwespe / goudwesp, "gold-wasp").[5]
Ecology and behavior
Cuckoo Wasp on pine needle, North Carolina Piedmont

Members of the largest subfamily, Chrysidinae, are the most familiar; they are generally kleptoparasites, laying their eggs in host nests, where their larvae consume the host egg or larva while it is still young, then the food provided by the host for its own juvenile. Chrysidines are distinguished from the members of other subfamilies in that most have flattened or concave lower abdomens and can curl into a defensive ball ("volvation") when attacked by a potential host, in the manner of a pill bug.[1] Members of the other subfamilies are parasitoids of either sawflies or walking sticks and cannot fold up into a ball.

Chrysidids are always solitary. They fly mainly in the hottest and driest months of summer, preferring subtropical and Mediterranean climates. They favor dry areas and sandy soils; each species is confined to a narrow type of microhabitat where adults may rest or find hosts to parasitize, for example on bare soil or on dead wood where other solitary wasps have their nest holes. Some species visit flowers such as of the Umbelliferae, Compositae and Euphorbiae.[5]
Evolution

The fossil record of the group is fragmentary, the oldest fossil known being from the lower Aptian Turga Formation of Russia.[6] Other Cretaceous specimens are known from the Albian-Cenomanian amber of France,[7] a Cenomanian limestone in Morocco.[8] The upper Santonian Taimyr amber of Russia[9] and the upper Campanian Canadian amber.[10]
References

Agnoli, Gian Luca; Rosa, Paolo (20 September 2013). "Chrysidid generalities". Chrysis.net. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Agnoli, Gian Luca; Rosa, Paolo (20 September 2013). "Chrysidid coloration". Chrysis.net. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
Pauli, Thomas; Castillo‐Cajas, Ruth (25 August 2018). "Phylogenetic analysis of cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) reveals a partially artificial classification at the genus level and a species‐rich clade of bee parasitoids". Systematic Entomology. 44 (2): 322–335. doi:10.1111/syen.12323.
"Sapyga louisi Species Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
Agnoli, Gian Luca; Rosa, Paolo (17 March 2013). "Chrysidids: Family overview". Chrysis.net. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
A. P. Rasnitsyn. 1990. Pozdne-Mezozoyskie Nasekomye Vostochnogo Zabaykal'ya. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta 239:177-205
Cockx, Pierre F.D.; McKellar, Ryan C.; Perrichot, Vincent (December 2016). "First records of the subfamilies Bethylinae (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) and Cleptinae (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) in Upper Cretaceous amber from France" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 68: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.07.008.
Martill, David M.; Ibrahim, Nizar; Brito, Paulo M.; Baider, Lahssen; Zhouri, Samir; Loveridge, Robert; Naish, Darren; Hing, Richard (August 2011). "A new Plattenkalk Konservat Lagerstätte in the Upper Cretaceous of Gara Sbaa, south-eastern Morocco". Cretaceous Research. 32 (4): 433–446. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.01.005. ISSN 0195-6671.
H. E. Evans. 1973. Cretaceous aculeate wasps from Taimyr, Siberia (Hymenoptera). Psyche 80:166-178
H. E. Evans. 1969. Three new Cretaceous aculeate wasps (Hymenoptera). Psyche 76:251-261