Curetis thetis

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Amphiesmenoptera
Ordo: Lepidoptera
Subordo: Glossata
Cladus: Coelolepida
Cladus: Myoglossata
Cladus: Neolepidoptera
Infraordo: Heteroneura
Cladus: Eulepidoptera
Cladus: Ditrysia
Cladus: Apoditrysia
Cladus: Obtectomera
Superfamilia: Papilionoidea

Familia: Lycaenidae
Subfamilia: Curetinae
Genus: Curetis
Species: Curetis thetis
Name

Curetis thetis (Drury, 1773.)

Type locality: "Bombay".

Holotype: tbc.
Synonymy

Papilio thetis Drury, 1773: 16, pl.9, figs 3,4 ♀, name in index; Cramer, [1779]: 77 ♀. pl.238D.
Papilio cinyra Cramer, [1779]: 76 ♂, pl.238C.
Papilio thetys [sic] Drury; Fabricius, 1781: 125.
Hesperia aesopus Fabricius, 1781: 125.
Hesperia phaedrus Fabricius, 1781: 125.
Polyommatus phaedrus (Fabricius); Godart, [1824]: 675.
Phaedra terricola Horsfield, [1829]: 124.
Anops thetys [sic] Moore, [1858]: 52.
Curetis arcuata Moore, [1884]: 523, pl.48, fig.3.
Curetis phaedrus (Fabricius); Chapman, 1915: 88.
Curetis thetis (Drury); Fruhstorfer, 1908: 49; Chapman, 1915: 84; Eliot, 1990: 222.

synonyms listed by Eliot, 1990: 222.
References

Chapman, T., 1915. An analysis of the species of the genus Curetis, chiefly based on an examination of the specimens in the Zoological Museum, Tring. Novit. zool. 22: 80–104, 17 pls. BHL. Reference page.
Cramer, P. 1775–1780. De Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in der drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Afrika en America (etc). Amsterdam, Baalde & Utrecht, Parts 1–3. Pt.1 [1775]: xxx+16, 1–132, pls 1–84; [1776]: 133–156, pls 85–96; Pt.2 [1777]: 1–152, pls 97–192; Pt.3 [1779]: 1–104, pls 193–252; [1780]: 105–176, pls 253–288; Pt.4 [1780]: 1–246, pls 289–400. Reference page.
Drury, D. 1770–1782. Illustrations of Natural History London, White. Vol.l (1770): xxviii+130+[2]pp, 50+1 pls, 4 figs; Vol.2 (1773): vii+90pp, 50 pls; Vol.3 (1782): vii+76pp, 50 pls. Vol.1; Vol.2; Vol.3. Reference page.
Eliot, J. N. 1990. Notes on the Genus Curetis Hübner (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Tyô to Ga 41(4): 201–225. PDF Reference page.
Fabricius, J.C. 1781. Species insectorum; exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma, auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosin ediectis observationibus, descriptionibus. Carol. Ernest. Bohnii, Hamburgi et Kilonii Vol.2: 517 pp. BHL Reference page.
Fruhstorfer, H., 1908. Neue Curetis und uebersicht der bekannten Arten. Stettiner entomologische Zeitung 69: 49–59. BHL. Reference page.
Godart, J. B. 1819–1824. In Latreille & Godart, Encyclopedie méthodique. Histoire naturelle des Crustacés, des Arachnides et des Insectes 9 (article Papillons) (1): 1–328; (2): 329-828. Paris. Reference page.
Horsfield, T. 1828–1829. A descriptive catalogue of the lepidopterous insects in the museum of the Honourable East India Company. 144 pp., 8 pls. London. BHL text, plates. Reference page.
Moore, F., [1884]. Descriptions of new Asiatic diurnal Lepidoptera. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883(4): 521–535, 2 pls. text, plates. Reference page.

Vernacular names
English: Indian Sunbeam

Curetis thetis, the Indian sunbeam,[1][2][3] is a species of lycaenid or blue butterfly found in Indomalayan realm.[1]

Distribution

The butterfly occurs in Peninsular India, south of the Himalayas, but not in the desert tracts or in areas with a scanty rainfall; parts of Assam; Saurashtra; Bengal, Sylhet onto Myanmar. It is also found in the Nicobar Islands.[3][4]

It is also found in Sri Lanka, Java, Philippines, northern Sulawesi and Selajar.[3]
Status

It is not considered rare.[5]
Description
For a key to the terms used, see Glossary of entomology terms.
Male
Indian sunbeam Underside photographed in Bangalore,India
At Silent Valley National Park

Upperside dark cupreous red, glossy and shining. Forewing: base irrorated with dusky scales; costa edged with a narrow, inwardly jagged, jet-black band that broadens to the apex, thence continued along the termen, decreasing in width to the tornus; opposite the apex the inner edge of the black is acutely angulate. Hindwing: base and dorsum broadly but slightly irrorated (sprinkled) with dusky scales; costa narrowly, dorsal margin more broadly pale; termen very narrowly and evenly margined with black.[4]

Underside: shining silvery white. Forewings and hindwings crossed transversely by discal and inner subterminal, somewhat lunular dark lines and a more or less obsolescent outer subterminal line of minute dark dots. These markings generally very indistinct but traceable; in some specimens more clearly defined but never prominent. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dusky black; the antennae reddish at apex; in some specimens the head, the thorax laterally and the base of the abdomen brownish-mouse colour; beneath: the palpi, thorax and the basal half of the abdomen medially silvery white, the sides and apex of the abdomen dusky black.[4]
Female
Female in Hyderabad, India

Upperside: forewing dark brownish black; a large medial patch that extends from vein 1 to vein 4, enters the lower half of the cell and extends from base outwards for about two-thirds the length of the wing, white; at the base of the wing this patch is shaded and obscured for a short distance by dusky black. Hindwing: pale dusky black; a darker, short, broad brownish-black streak from base along the subcostal vein, that outwardly broadens into an irregularly round patch beyond which is a broad short upper discal white band with ill-defined and somewhat diffuse margins. Cilia, forewings and hindwings: white. Underside: as in the male but the markings still more indistinct, and in almost no specimen is there any trace of the outer subterminal line of dark dots.[4][6]
BH019 Curetis thetis male & female.jpg
Variety arcuata

Variety arcuata Moore, differs from typical thetis as follows:
Male

Upperside: ground colour similar but of a slightly paler shade in all the specimens I have seen. Forewing: costal and terminal margins edged more broadly with black than in thetis, the inner margin of this colour forms a regular strongly curved arch from base of wing to tornus, not angulate at all opposite apex of wing, the edging of the costal margin not jagged on the inner side. Hindwing: the costal margin not pale but somewhat broadly dusky black; the terminal black edging broader than in thetis, not linear, produced for a very short distance up each vein. The irroration of dusky scales at the bases of both forewings and hindwings and along the dorsal area of the hindwing heavier and more broadly diffused, especially on the latter. Underside: as in the typical form. Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen similar.[4]
Female
Female in Hyderabad, India

Upperside: ground colour darker brownish black, deep opaque black on the costa, apex and termen of the forewing; the medial oval white patch on the forewing smaller, the upper discal white band on the hindwing narrower, the short, broad black streak from base terminates in a large round spot or patch inwardly merged in the ground colour which fills the whole area of the cell.[4]

There have been reports of gynandromorphic forms.[7]
Life history
Food plants

The larva has been recorded as feeding on Pongamia glabra, Derris scandens, Abrus precatorius (Leguminosae), Xylia dolabriformis and Heynia trijuga (Meliaceae).[5][8]
Larva (7), pupa (7a)
Larva

On emergence eats a hole through the top of the egg about equalling one-third of its surface and crawls out. The empty shell has a close superficial resemblance to an echinus shell. In colour pale ochreous, furnished with long stout white hairs of which a subdorsal series is on each side, with one long hair springing from the apex of each tubercle; there are, besides, other lateral series and numerous hairs projecting forwards in front of the head and backwards over the anal segment. The full-grown larva is the most beautiful known to me among the Lycaenidae.....of the exact shade of green of the leaves on which it feeds..... The second segment is quite unmarked; the third to the thirteenth have a subdorsal series of short oblique pale yellowish-green lines between which the ground-colour is paler than the rest of the body; there is a dark green dorsal line; on each side of the ninth segment there is a prominent pure dead-white, somewhat diamond-shaped mark.
— de Nicéville

De Niceville goes on to say that the sheaths of the tentacles on the twelfth segment are pale green, the tentacles themselves maroon, the whorl of hairs at their apices white with their basal thirds black.[4]

The larvae have tentacular organs as seen on myrmecophilous lycaenids, but they have not been observed to be tended by ants.[9][10][11]
Pupa

Light green; wing-cases bluish green. "There is a conspicuous heart-shaped pale ochreous mark on the top of the thorax, the pits on it filled in with reddish pigment." (de Nicéville.)[4] The pupae are capable of producing sounds and the function of these are not fully understood.[12]

See also

List of butterflies of India (Lycaenidae)

Cited references

R.K., Varshney; Smetacek, Peter (2015). A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India. New Delhi: Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi. p. 89. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164. ISBN 978-81-929826-4-9.
Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003). "Curetis thetis". The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Curetis at Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera
Public Domain One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Bingham, C.T. (1907). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. II (1st ed.). London: Taylor and Francis, Ltd. pp. 437–441.
Wynter-Blyth, Mark Alexander (1957). Butterflies of the Indian Region. Bombay, India: Bombay Natural History Society. p. 498. ISBN 978-8170192329.
Public Domain One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Swinhoe, Charles (1910–1911). Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. VIII. London: Lovell Reeve and Co. pp. 239–242.
Chaturvedi, N. 1992 "Gynandromorph of Indian Sunbeam", Curetis thetis (Lycaenidae)". Lepidoptera News
Gaden S. Robinson, Phillip R. Ackery, Ian J. Kitching, George W. Beccaloni AND Luis M. Hernández. HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants [1] Accessed November 2006
DeVries, P. J. 1984. "Of crazy-ants and Curetinae: are Curetis butterflies tended by ants?" Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 79: 59-66.
Fiedler, Konrad, Peter Seufert, Naomi E. Pierce, John G. Pearson and Hans-Thomas Baumgarten. 1992. 2Exploitation of lycaenid-ant mutualisms by braconid parasitoids". Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 31(3-4):153-168
Pierce, Naomi E. , Michael F. Braby, Alan Heath, David J. Lohman, John Mathew, Douglas B. Rand, and Mark A. Travassos 2002. "The Ecology and Evolution of Ant Association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera)" Annual Review of Entomology 47: 733-771

Downey, John C. 1966. "Sound Production in Pupae of Lycaenidae". Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 20(3)

References
Bingham, C.T. (1907). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. II (1st ed.). London: Taylor and Francis, Ltd.
Beccaloni, George; Scoble, Malcolm; Kitching, Ian; Simonsen, Thomas; Robinson, Gaden; Pitkin, Brian; Hine, Adrian; Lyal, Chris. "The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex)". Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
"Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera".
Wynter-Blyth, Mark Alexander (1957). Butterflies of the Indian Region. Bombay, India: Bombay Natural History Society. ISBN 978-8170192329.