Cyclommatus

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Ordo: Coleoptera
Subordo: Polyphaga
Infraordo: Scarabaeiformia
Superfamilia: Scarabaeoidea

Familia: Lucanidae
Subfamilia: Lucaninae
Tribus: Cyclommatini
Genus: Cyclommatus
Subgenera: C. (Cyclommatellus) - C. (Cyclommatinus) - C. (Cyclommatus)
Overview of species

C. alagari – C. anepsius – C. asahinai – C. bicolor – C. bomansi – C. bucephalus – C. canaliculatus – C. chewi – C. cupreonitens – C. dehaani – C. dooseokyii – C. elaphus – C. ethmarionotus – C. eximius – C. fangensis – C. faunicolor – C. finschi – C. gestroi – C. giraffa – C. hagedorni – C. imperator – C. incognitus – C. insignis – C. katsurai – C. kaupii – C. kusakabei – C. lunifer – C. maitlandi – C. margaritae – C. martinii – C. metallifer – C. misimaensis – C. mniszechi – C. modigliani – C. monguilloni – C. montanellus – C. multidentatus – C. nagaii – C. okudai – C. pahangensis – C. pasteuri – C. princeps – C. pulchellus – C. rangifer – C. ribbei – C. scutellaris – C. simalurensis – C. speciosus – C. spineus – C. splendidus – C. squamosus – C. strigiceps – C. subtilis – C. sumptuosus – C. suzumurai – C. tamdaoensis – C. tarandus – C. taurus – C. thanhvanae – C. titanus – C. tittonii – C. trifurcatus – C. violaceus – C. websteri – C. weinreichi – C. zuberi
Name

Cyclommatus Parry, 1863

References

Template:Parry, 1863

Jeng, M.-L.; Lee, H.-Y.; Yang, P.-S. 2003: Cyclommatus taiwanus Bomans, a new synonym of C. asahinai Kurosawa (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Formosan Entomol., 23: 245–247. PDF
Nagai; Tsukamoto 2003: Two new species and three new subspecies of stag beetles (Coleoptera, Lucanidae) from the Philippines. Gekkan-Mushi, (392): 2–6. [not seen]
Fujita, H. 2010: The lucanid beetles of the world. Mushi-Sha's iconographic series of insects, 6
Schenk, K.-D. 2000: Description of Cyclommatus Parry, 1863, from western New Guinea (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 110(1): 10–11. [not seen]
Schenk, K.-D. 2019: Description of Cyclommatus violaceus spec. nov. from Sibuyan Island, Philippines (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Beetles World, 20: 2-3.
Schenk, K.-D.; T. Q. Nguyen, 2015: Description of two new taxa of the Genus: Cyclommatus Parry, 1863 from Central Vietnam(Coleoptera, Lucanidae). Beetles World, (11): 7–11.
Yuan, J.J., Chen, D. & Wan, X. 2021. A multilocus assessment reveals two new synonymies for East Asian Cyclommatus stag beetles (Coleoptera, Lucanidae). Zookeys 1021: 65–79. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1021.58832 Open access Reference page.

Links

ION
Nomenclator Zoologicus

Vernacular names
日本語: ホソアカクワガタ属
中文: 細紅鍬屬

Cyclommatus is a genus of the family Lucanidae, also known as the stag beetle. The majority of the species from the genus Cyclommatus are located in Southeast Asia, though some species are found in China and Taiwan as well. The genus Cyclommatus also consists of three subgenera: Cyclommatus (Parry, 1863), Cyclommatinus (Didier, 1927) and Cyclommatellus (Nagel, 1936). Each subgenera contains 80, 24 and 3 species respectively. In total, the genus Cyclommatus consists of a total of 134 species, though more are still being discovered to this day.

The chief distinguishing characteristics of this genus are its impressive mandibles, which can sometimes be as long as its body, as well as its lustrous metallic exoskeleton, which can range from red, brown, green, purple, gold and a rarer blue-black. As such, beetles from the genus Cyclommatus can command a high price from collectors, with a demand for both live and dried specimens.

The largest species from this genus is Cyclommatus elaphus, with the largest recorded wild collected specimen being 109.0 mm[6] (4.29 in) in length measured from the tip of the mandibles to the end of the elytra.

Taxonomy

The first beetle from genus Cyclommatus was described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1835 and was initially given the binomial name Lucanus metallifer. Later in 1863, in "A few Remarks upon Mr. James Thomson's Catalogue of Lucanidæ, published in the 'Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 1862'," English entomologist Frederic Parry first suggests the name Cyclommmatus as the name of a new genus in the family Lucanidae, and this has been the name of this genus ever since.

Different sources place the genus Cyclommatus under the tribe Cladognathini (Parry, 1870),[7] or Cyclommatini (Maes, 1992).[8]
Evolution

The family Lucanidae is a monophyletic group in which it evolved from a unique ancestor or group of ancestors. Using the BEAST software, which stands for Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Sampling Trees to model the genetic divergence in Lucanidae, the genus Cyclommatus is thought to have diverged around 50-20 million years ago, with the average being 33.2 million years ago. The temporal range given above is with a 95% highest posterior density (HPD) confidence interval.[9]
Distribution

Cyclommatus is found in many parts of the world, including:

Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.[10]
Description

Male beetles of genus Cyclommatus are generally larger than females of the same species, and exhibit brighter and lustrous exoskeletons compared to females. Some species of this genus are also colour polymorphic[11] and as such exhibit a wide variety of different colours within the same species, which can range from red, brown, green, purple, gold and a rarer blue-black.

Males of a larger size, or major males, relative to their respective species in this genus exhibit enlarged mandibles. These enlarged mandibles are used for scratching the surfaces of bark to allow the beetle to feed on tree sap, or to compete with other males for mates. Males with larger mandibles are more likely to win these fights, which often involves throwing the competitor off of branches and leaves.

Due to their smaller mandibles and need to chew through decaying wood to lay eggs, female beetles of this genus were thought to have a greater biting force. However, the biting force of the males can in fact exceed the biting force of the females, for example, the biting force of Cyclommatus metallifer males was found to be 3 times that of females.[12]
Life cycle

The life cycle of beetles in genus Cyclommatus share many characteristics of that of other stag beetles, starting with an egg, three larval stages, pupation and finally eclosion.

After mating, female beetles use their smaller mandibles better adapted to cutting wood to create tunnels within decaying logs in which eggs are laid. The beetle larva once hatched from its egg, experiences three larval stages: the first, second and third instar. The transition between each of the instars requires the larva to moult, as each larva of each successive instar has a larger chitin head. For members of genus Cyclommatus, the larval stage can last a few months to up to one and a half to two years for large individuals. During this time, larva mainly subsist on decaying logs.

Once the larva have received adequate nutrition, the larva then creates a pupal chamber in which it lies in a pre-pupal state with limited mobility, creating its pupa beneath its larval skin. On completing its pupa, the larva then sheds its skin and fills the entirety of the pupa with hemolymph. When the pupa is filled, the soft white pupa gradually darkens to a brown colour and hardens.

As the beetle inside the pupa matures, the beetle within becomes more prominent, for example, the eyes of the beetle may be seen through the pupal walls. When this occurs, the beetle will usually eclose a few days later.

As adults, beetles of genus Cyclommatus generally subsist on tree sap, and typically do not have a lifespan of any longer than one year.
Pet trade

Large specimens of these genus can command high prices upwards of $700 USD due to the lustrous metallic bodies that the beetles possess. Collectors buy both live and dried specimens, with many of the live specimens being exported to countries such as Japan and Taiwan, which has a large market for keeping beetles as exotic pets.[13] Popular beetle species from this genus include: Cyclommatus elaphus, Cyclommatus metallifer, Cyclommatus monguilloni and Cyclommatus imperator.

When kept in captivity, beetles of this genus can consume mangos, bananas and a variety of fruits in addition to purpose beetle jellies as adults, whilst beetle breeders in Japan have experimented with many foods for the larva, such as fermented wood, decaying logs and sawdust inoculated with mycelium. This is done in order to maximise the growth during the larval period, as all growth occurs during the larval period and thus the adult size is dependent on the availability of nutrients to the larva.

The most suitable type of food for beetle larva of this genus differs between species, but beetle larva of this genus generally subsist on white rotten wood from different species of tree or flake soil, much like other beetle larva of family Lucanidae.
Species

The genus Cyclommatus comprises:[14]

Cyclommatus alagari DeLisle, 1968
Cyclommatus asahinai Kurosawa, 1974
Cyclommatus assamensis Seguy, 1955
Cyclommatus bicolor Bomans, 1991
Cyclommatus canaliculatus canaliculatus Ritsema, 1891
Cyclommatus canaliculatus consanguineus Boileau, 1898
Cyclommatus canaliculatus freygesseneri Ritsema, 1892
Cyclommatus canaliculatus ramlii T.Wakatake et K.Sakamaki, 2002
Cyclommatus chewi Mizunuma, 1994
Cyclommatus cupreonitens Boileau, 1901
Cyclommatus dehaani Westwood, 1842
Cyclommatus dooseokyii Kim, 2018
Cyclommatus elaphus Gestro, 1881
Cyclommatus elsae Kriesche, 1921
Cyclommatus eximius Möllenkamp, 1909
Cyclommatus faunicolor Westwood, 1844
Cyclommatus gestroi Nagel, 1931
Cyclommatus giraffa Mollenkamp, 1904
Cyclommatus imperator imperator Boileau, 1905
Cyclommatus imperator monguilloni Lacroix, 1981
Cyclommatus imperator splendidus Schenk, 2000
Cyclommatus martinii Lacroix, 1989
Cyclommatus metallifer (Boisduval, 1835)
Cyclommatus modigliani Ritsema, 1899
Cyclommatus multidentatus Westwood, 1848
Cyclommatus pahagensis Nagel, 1936
Cyclommatus pasteuri Ritsema, 1891
Cyclommatus vanrooni Oberthür & Houlbert, 1914
Cyclommatus zuberi Waterhouse, 1876

References

Parry, F. J. Sidney (1863-02-01). "XXXIV. A few Remarks upon Mr. James Thomson s Catalogue of Lucanidæ, published in the "Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 1862."". Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 11 (5): 442–452. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1863.tb01291.x. ISSN 1365-2311.
"Cyclommatus Parry, 1863". insecta.pro. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
"Catalogue of Life : Cyclommatus (Cyclommatellus) bucephalus Nagel, 1936". www.catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
Jules-Sébastien-César, Dumont d'Urville (1835-01-01). "Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe". Entomologie pt.2 (1835). J. Tastu.
"Genus: Cyclommatus (Parry, 1863), Taxonomy". insectoid.info. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-29.
"BE-KUWA Record Japan" (PDF). Mushi-sha.
"Tribe Cladognathini (Parry, 1870), Taxonomy". insectoid.info. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-29.
"Systématique / Les Lucanidae Du Monde / SYNOPSIS OF LUCANIDAE FAMILY / SUBFAMILY LUCANINAE / CYCLOMMATINI TRIBE | Un Monde En Couleurs". unmondeencouleurs.piwigo.com (in French). Retrieved 2017-01-29.
Kim, Sang Il; Farrell, Brian D. (2015-05-01). "Phylogeny of world stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) reveals a Gondwanan origin of Darwin's stag beetle". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 86: 35–48. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.02.015. PMID 25732069.
"Genus: Cyclommatus (Parry, 1863), Taxonomy". insectoid.info. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-29.
Gotoh, Hiroki; Lavine, Laura C. (2014-06-01). "Genetic Control of Color Polymorphism in the Stag Beetle Cyclommatus metallifer Boisduval (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)". The Coleopterists Bulletin. 68 (2): 209–213. doi:10.1649/0010-065X-68.2.209. ISSN 0010-065X. S2CID 85987050.
Goyens, Jana; Dirckx, Joris; Dierick, Manuel; Hoorebeke, Luc Van; Aerts, Peter (2014-04-01). "Biomechanical determinants of bite force dimorphism in Cyclommatus metallifer stag beetles". Journal of Experimental Biology. 217 (7): 1065–1071. doi:10.1242/jeb.091744. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 24671962.
"Giant Beetles: Not Your Average Everyday Pet". Living the Scientific Life (Scientist, Interrupted). Retrieved 2017-01-24.
"Catalogue of Life - 23rd December 2016 : Taxonomic tree". www.catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 2017-01-25.